地震数据处理-英文版PDF535页

mysucan · 发表于 2010-12-11 20:47

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING
地震数据处理-英文版PDF535页
ÖZDOĞAN YILMAZ
Stephen M. Doherty, Editor
Society of Exploration Geophysicists
Post Office box 702740/Tulsa,OK 74170-2740
目录
CONTENTS
FREFACE xi
INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1 FUNDAMENTALS
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 The 1-D Fourier transform 9
1.2.1 Frequency aliasing 11
1.2.2 Phase considerations 15
1.2.3 Time-domain operations 17
1.2.4 Frequency filtering 20
1.3 Worldwide assortment of common-shot gathers 26
1.4 Basic data processing sequence 42
1.4.1 Preprocessing 43
1.4.2 Deconvlution 43
1.4.3 CMP sorting 45
1.4.4 Velocity analysis 47
1.4.5 NMO correction and stacking 48
1.4.6 Residual statics corrections 48
1.4.7 Plststack processing 48
1.4.8 Migration 48
1.5 Gain applications 49
1.5.1 Programmed gain control 59
1.5.2 RMS amplitude AGC 61
1.5.3 Instantaneous AGC 61
1.6 The 2-D Fourier transform 62
1.6.1 Spatial aliasing 65
1.6.2 f-k dip filtering 69
References 79
Exercises 79
Chapter 2 DECONVOLUTION
2.1 Introduction 83
2.2 The convolutional model 85
2.2.1 The convolutional model in the frequency domain 93
2.3 Inverse filtering 94
2.4 Least-squares inverse filtering 95
2.5 Minimum phase 96
2.6 Optimum wiener filters 98
2.6.1 Spiking deconvolution 100
2.6.2 Prewhitening 103
2.6.3 Wiener ahaping filters 103
2.6.4 Predictive deconvolution 105
2.7 Predictive deconvolution in practice 109
2.7.1 Operator length 114
2.7.2 Prediction log 116
2.7.3 Percent prewhitening 124
2.7.4 Effect of random noise on deconvolution 128
2.7.5 Multiple suppression 128
2.7.6 Field data examples 131
2.7.7 Vibroseis deconvolution 140
2.8 The problem of nonstationarity 141
2.8.1 Time-variant spectral whitening 147
References 151
Exercises 152
Chapter 3 VELOCITY ANALYSIS,STATICS CORRECTIONS,AND STATCKING
3.1 Introduction 155
3.2 Normal moveout 157
3.2.1 NMO in a horizontally stratified earth 159
3.2.2 NMO stretching 160
3.2.3 NMO for a dipping layer 163
3.2.4 NMO for several layers with arbitrary dips 163
3.3 Velocity analysis 166
3.3.1 The velocity spectrum 169
3.3.2 Factors affecting velocity estimate 173
3.3.3 Horizon velocity analysis 182
3.4 Residual statics corrections 183
3.4.1 Surface-consistent residual statics corrections 196
3.5 Residual statics corrections in practice 203
3.5.1 Maximum allowable shift 203
3.5.2 Correlation window 206
3.5.3 Other considerations 206
3.6 Refraction statics 220
3.6.1 Field statics corrections 225
3.6.2 The plus-minus method 227
3.6.3 The least-squares method 228
References 230
Exercises 234
Chapter 4 MIGRATION
4.1 Introduction 241
4.2 Migration principles 250
4.2.1 Kirchhoff migration 252
4.2.2 Finite-difference migration 263
4.2.3 Frequency-wavenunmber migration 263
4.3 Migration in practice 268
4.3.1 Kirchhoff migration in practice 269
4.3.2 Finite-difference migration in practice 277
4.3.3 Frequency-wavenumber migration in practice 298
4.3.4 Frequency-space migration 309
4.3.5 Migration and spatial aliasing 320
4.3.6 Migration and ambient noise 324
4.3.7 Migration and profile length 328
4.4 Migration before stack 328
4.4.1 Prestack partial migration(dip moveout) 334
4.5 migration velocity analysis 345
References 350
Exercises 353
Chapter 5 IMAGING BENEATH COMPLEX STRUCTRES
5.1 Introduction 355
5.2 Depth migration 355
5.2.1 Irregular water bottom 361
5.2.2 Salt diapir 363
5.2.3 Imbricate structures in overthrust belts 366
5.3 Layer replacement 370
5.3.1 Poststack layer replacement 374
5.3.2 Prestack laye replacement 375
References 383
Exercises 383
Chapter 6 3-D SEISMIC EXPLORATION
6.1 Introduction 385
6.2 Why 3-D 385
6.3 3-D survey design and acquisition 389
6.3.1 Migration aperture 389
6.3.2 Spatial sampling 390
6.3.3 Other considerations 391
6.3.4 Marine acquisition geometry 391
6.3.5 Land acquisition geometry 392
6.4 3-D data processing 395
6.4.1 Marine processing 395
6.4.2 Land processing 400
6.5 3-D migration 403
6.5.1 Two-pass versus one-pass 3-D migration 403
6.5.2 3-Dtime versus depth migration 407
6.5.3 3-D datuming 410
6.5.4 Trace interpolation 410
6.6 Interpretation of 3-D seismic data 416
6.6.1 Time slices 416
6.6.2 Interactive interpretation session 420
References 425
Exercises 427
Chapter 7 SLANT STATCK AND APPLICATIONS
7.1 Introduction 429
7.2 Construction of slant stacks 430
7.2.1 Optimum selection of slant-stack parameters 435
7.3 Analysis of guided waves 437
7.4 Time-variant dip filtering 443
7.5 Multiple suppression 445
References 453
Exercises 453
Chapter 8 SPECIAL TOPICS
8.1 Introduction 455
8.2 Multiple suppression 455
8.2.1 Velocity discrimination in the f-k domain 455
8.2.2 Velocity discrimination in the t-x domain 462
8.3 Seismic resolution 468
8.3.1 Vertical resolution 468
8.3.2 Lateral resolution 469
8.4 Seismic modeling 473
8.5 Synthetic sonic logs 479
8.6 Instantaneous attributes 484
8.7 Vertical seismic profiling 486
8.8 2-D surface data processing 490
8.8.1 Separation of regional and residual anomalies 491
8.8.2 2-D wavelength filtering 492
Reference 495
Exercises 495
Appendix A MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF THE FOURIER TRAMSFORM 497
Reference 497
Appendix B MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF DECONVOLUTION 498
B.1 Synthetic seismogram 498
B.2 Inverse of the source wavelet 499
B.3 The inverse filter 499
B.4 Frequency-domain deconvolution 500
B.5 Optimum Wiener filters 501
B.6 Surface-consistent deconvolution 506
References 506
Appendix C MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION OF MIGRATION 507
C.1 Wave field extrapolation and migration 507
C.2 The parabolic approximation 511
C.3 Steep-dip finite-difference migration 513
C.4 F-K migration 514
C.5 Residual migration 515
C.6 Migration velocity for the parabolic equation 516
C.7 Migration velocity analysis 516
C.8 3-D migration 517
References 518
Appendix D WAVE FIELD EXTRAPOLATION IN SLANT-STACK DOMAIN 519
References 519
Appendix E INSTANTANEOUS ATTRIBUTES 521
References 521
Appendix F PLANE SURFACE FITTING 522
INDEX 523