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1980 9 

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༭ ˹S.СնأCornelius S.HurlbutJr. 
׶١³Milton Rugoff 
 ֶ˹Lynne Williams 
 ༭ ǸꡤգGeorg Zappler 
߼༭
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˹S.СնأCornelius S. Hurlbut. 
JrѧѧڣMinerals and Man and 
Danas Manual of Mineralogyһߡѧᾧѧ
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H.˹william H. Matthews III
˹ѧϯڣInvitation to 
Geology and Fossils  An Introduction to 
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ѧزѧ
޲ءL.ƶ˹Robert L. NicholsĴ
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ѧڼΤ˹ٹ۲վˣScience and the 
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С¡A.ά˹Richard A. Davis. JrϷ
ѧϵΣڣPrinciples of 
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˹F.˹Miles F. Harrisѧᣬ 
Getting to Know the World Meteorological 
Organizationһߡѧ
ĪɯߣMarie Morisawa ŦԼѧ
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ƣ 
ܸL.ɣJeffrey L. Warnerÿ˹ݺ
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˹H.ȣCharles H. Simondsÿ˹
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3.ԺΪ硣˴˷˶İı߽硣һ
˶Ȼƻһڵ
ƶ½֮仹һ裬ձļǡ֮
༷ѹײľ޴ĦãǿҵĵҵĻ
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4.˴˷˶֮һ͵ı߽硣ֱ߽Ǵ
԰½԰˶γɵġֱ߽ɵĽʹ
½԰ǰԵַ壬´ɽص𡣵³İ
뵽ȵĵᣲں󣬾޴ѹʹԻɽʽصر
档ʹֹ̣°˹ɽ¡Լ
³ĵ
5.½԰Ҳᷢײ½ıԵش½
ɹģ޴塣ӡȰǰӡȰƶ 
뵽ް棬ģ޴ײϲɽ
6.½԰ײʱʹ׳¡γµĴ½
ؿǡ
7.ײԺ󣬿ܻһµѹγɣ캣еѹȣ 
ʹ½԰֮ľԽԽջγһ
8.֮ľԵرͱխ´ҲԵ
СͿֹܳͼʾǴֽ׶ε

ӵðġ 
1.ɽǲϸıǿءҽӵڲ
ؿǵرʱ̣γɻɽɽ׶
һϹɡɽױôҽ
Ϳܴӻɽ׶Ĳѷγɼɽ׶ĳЩɽī
͢Paricutinɽ緢ʯ顢ɽͻɽҹ

ġĳЩɽڵºǳĵط¶Ⱦͺܸߣʹˮﵽе㡣
ȵĵˮرȪһЩڵˮЪ
Ե緢γɼЪȪ߽壬γס
󲿷ҽܵر棬Ϊڵؿȴͽ
ҽ뵽ˮƽҲ֮ʱͻγҴͣͳ
ɴס
Ģε屻ΪҸǡճҽ뵽Ҳ
֮䲢Ҳ㶥γɹζγɵġҽ뵽
˵ʯѷУͻγǽǽΧĽʯʴ 
ǽͳγһǳͻǽڵرҽԴ̣ 
ôγһһķΧǧģСһΪ
ꡣ
2.ɽ緢5 ֻ͡ʽ϶ʽ緢϶
ԭ
˹¡ʽ緢ȡﵺ˹¡ﵺơ
緢صҴӻɽƵʽɽ
ðɽֻɽصұȽƽӿҾ
ƻɽڣγɡںƵ̬
άʽ緢ɽʽ緢緢صǱϼֶҪҵ
ࡣάɽԼһĻɽҵ׳۵緢Ϊص㣬
ĻɽмѻڻɽΧγɻɽ׶ʽɽ緢ȡ
ӡȺ׻ɽ͵緢ҲǷǳҵģصǣ 
ϸɽγɾ޴Ļƣһдɽҵ緢
ɽԼٶػɽɽ³ȥ1902 ꣬׻ɽ
ַʽ緢ݻһԼ3 ˿ڵĳС
ʯѭ
1.ؿеʯɷΪ3 ͣҡҺͱҡÿ
һʯԼصĽṹص㣬һǺ׼ʶġ
еʯһ̲ͣؽѭԵر仯ȵҽӵ
󣬱ȴ̳ɻң¶ڵرܵ硢ˮã 
ʯˣܵʴձ嵽γһҡ
뵽µѹܴ¶Ⱥܸߵĵطͻᷢؽᾧãɱ
ҡҼ³ĵطôߵ¶Ⱦͻۻ
ҽڵҽܵѹ˶ȴγɻҡڵ
ڵȴ̣γɵĻұΪҡڵҽر
ȴ̣γɵĻҳΪҡ
Сͷʾģʯһѭһ϶ܵ
šеĳҿܴҲᵽرҲܵ绯ãֱ
תɳҡһ̧ܵòһܵʴã 
ôʯѭֿܳһЩСѭ
2.ңɰҺʯһʯŵ½رĽ3/4 
ɷ绯γɵľвĳµ
ϵĳ㱻ѹýʵͬʱڵˮѭ衢

ԼѳｺɰҪʯӢɵġ
ʯɴӺˮгĸƵĿɡ
ңͼĴҺƬңγڵڲǳĵط
º͸ѹټлѧԵҺĴڣıԭʼʯ
ĳɷ֡ͨɻұʶγɣƬҳұʶ
ɵġƬһܵãƬҡ
ңͼĻҺңҺҽᾧĿ
һγɵġҸʯĿĵȼԼеĿ
ࡣ绨Ǵֿʯϸʯʯ
϶ʯʯʯӢɣɺܷḻҽᾧɡ
ϸʯӦĴֿʯǻԳҡʯ
ɺܵ͵ҽγɵģбʯʯͺ̵Ŀɡ
ʴúͶѻ
Ȼʯ
20000 ϡﶼϸСġ׾Ŀ
ɵġЩɫ״ͽṹ涼ǳƯͨ
ɼԪعɵģѧԪأͭȱǿ
пڲԭӶģΪεľṹС
ڵҺ塢Һ״̬ԭΧһһ
ɡྦྷ嶼ǷǳϸСģĳЩȴʮ֮
1.ȸʯĲ⻬ıʾĳʷ״˿άṹȸʯ
ֲϷ޺ϲȸʯͭɫɶ
̼ˮöγɵġ
2.΢бʯǳʯһԱʱʯʯ
һɫ΢бʯֲձİ΢бʯͻ΢бʯմ
ԡ
3.׻ʯApatiteӢĴϣ˼ǡƭ
ֿκɫʹϣĿѧ׻ʯ
ʯӢ󡢳ʯ֮С
4.ͭΪͭ϶һԭͭɻͭ幹ɵġͭ
Ϊǽӡ
5.ǦͨпͭĿﹲһֱӷ
ǦлǦͼеηǦɫөʯġ
6.Ǵӿвɵõı걾ۺɫ̿ʯӢ֮
ϡ
7.Ǵ˹ǲɼĺ걾ڽۺɫ״ĸ
ݺύʹ걾γпաֺľиҺǦĿ
зӦγɵġ
8.ʯһֲַձ̼οֿɫı仯
̬ı仯ڶı֡ͼеɫķʯ
ġ

9.ˮAmethystʯӢһ֮֡ɫں
Եʡ
Amethyst һϣ˼ŴϣΪˮ
ʹǲ
10.ڹԪǰ6000 һͭзֵȻͭͭ
ʹõĽͭڻ϶絼壬ǴӺͭͭ
ġ
11.͸ʯһ͸ʯྦྷ塣ʯǺˮ
ϸСĳҡ
12 ʯͨྦྷġнܵǳɫ幹ɵġʯ
ͨҶУʯ档
ı½̬ĸ
½Ϲģ̬ɽϿȡԭƺģɸ
ġʵϣˮͷ绯һҲͣٵƻŵ
̬γµ̬
ˮǿʴʹ᫲ƽĵƽ
ʴźӹȣϿȣÿǧֵĳؿǵʯҲ
һ̲ͣܵ绯õĽ绯һĺͻѧƻ
̣ڱáˮ¶ȱ仯µĶԱ¶ڵرʯ
õĹ̡
ȻǵӪСһ֣ȴܰϸʴңԶ
طЯɳӵķɳӳ󣬾γɳ
ɳƺǾֹģʵϣɳӲϵرӭ
£ɳڲϵƶ֮Сɳƶʹɳ
̬ܳɽϡеĵطɳƶɭֺʹׯ
1.˹ϿȵĴȻ̵ʯʯҸԭˮʯ
ֱʴµƶγɵĲɫ
ʯеɵġ 
2.ݹұȻšĹŸӵʷ
ӪõĽҪǸʴáڶ
γһλʯ绯úͿʴõԵʡ
3.ɳ״ҪȡڷǿȺͷͼƬķ
Ӵ޵ն͹ζɳĮеĲһɳ

ˮ
ˮڸı½òãʴؼһ
ûҪ󡣴ÿ42 ˮ֣д󲿷ֽ䵽
УֻԼ3/10 ꡢѩʽ䵽½ϡ䵽½ϵˮ
󲿷ֱԵˮʽߣǻԼ3815 1016 أ 
ˮӵߣϿȺͺӹȣγɿĺƽԭޣ
ǧֵĳС
ˮǾеĽͶѨµˮʱˮ

Ǳˮ渽γˮͨˮѣˮλ½ˮͨ
ˮеˮˣγ˶Ѩ
ںش籩γɵĺÿƽ29000 ľ޴
źĳЩط˵ٶһ곬1 סˮʴ
½¡ôԼ2000 ꣬½ᱻˮ
ʴɵƽԭ
1.ǰ˹ӵһӹеĺںϵ͹λ
ʴԼ͹λڲжѻʹϵƶ
2.īݵĿ˹͵¶ѨѨγڵʱڡǱˮ
渽ʯ𽥱ܽ⣬Ȼڴ̧ãɵ
ˮλ½޴ĶѨλڵ200 ϵȡ
ʯʹйʽϷԺĵײͻʯɺ̼Ƶˮγ
γɵġ
3.ĺʴ̬ں˺ͺһխĺ
ʴγɵġʴͻγ˺ĺʴ

Լ100 ǰĺܴһָŴƬԭеĵط1 
Ӣ񣬳һЩܸߵɽĶض档Լ11000 
ǰϵرů¶˾ĵΣڱ
ĥΣسֳһƬûֲġͺľۡ
ڣŵ½رĲ1/10Ȼһǿ
ĵӪɽ壬вźӹȣ裬
ʯطŵˮ80ȫı
ĺ潫60 סһǴ½ֱ
Ÿϼ½Ĵ󲿷֡һ͵ıɽȱǴɽ
ߴѩԭıӡɽȱĳȴ1500 ׵120 
ڰ˹ӵϲ
˶Ҫȡڵ¶Ⱥͱĺȡеıһֻǰ
ףеıһƶ10 סͺһĲλٶ
죬ıԵشٶȼײٶȱȱٶ
öࡣֲ˶γɾ޴ıѷ졣еıѷ15 ף
40 ϡ
´ƶܴﵽĺθ߶ȡڻú
ܰѱݻٵĸ߶ȡλбϵıյڵˮͨ
ںνϸʯĩ״ɫɫ
ǰԵȶģʯͻѻγɱӡڼص 
ע뵽вѳɴıγɱɽ
1.ݵԼ˹عҹ԰еļΪ⻬Ļұ˶
ıеĥʴеĵطײʯӻϲȥ 
˳Ĳۡ
2.ôյҹ԰е˹ձñڴɽΪ
Լһ·ϵĺɫǱӣǱʴ
Ĺȱڶϵʯ顣

3.Լ˹عҹ԰еԭҰЩɱģ 
ΪƯеľǱھġȴЩ
ͱ
ԭȥ
ѧҵҪְǸݻʯƬԭȥ
1.ЩҲǾǧġÿһ㶼ܱй
ȥֲͶԼйһʱĻ״ļ¼ϲ
µġ²ϵҲܻᱣбȽԭʼ̬ļ¼ѧ
÷ⶨԲⶨʮǰʯ
ڱ޷ֵ½Ĳ鶯޵Ĺͼʾ
ݵӵصֵģϻʯһ޵Ĺ
ڴԼ3500 ǰĽʱڳɰճɰҲС
2.޵ĹھԺҪϴɾͿһ㱣Ȼ
װҰСصٰѹƴ״ʹСԸ
йضʽ෽档ǶϵӲ֣
ԸǶʲôԼβʳ۾䡢ӵλú״
Ը­ϵѿȷŵĽṹԸǶߡؽڿ
ԱĴС߹ǿԸйء
ݹ֪Ǿ޴ġǳصġжһֶ
ڵϬţһĽǴǰ­ȥվ2 
ߣԼ5 ׳ڿƽԭǵȥҶͲݱΪʳ
3.ݹܸεľȷͼΡĶ٣Լ
֮ͻ֣Ҳı״ǹڸԭ
ǹؼԵġͼеĹϵľɵͻͰ߿״ֲ棨ʾ
ģǼ⸽ڹͷϵĲλ׵ϵļ̱Ϊǿ
⸽֮õģ޵ͷǿǿļ̧ġûκ֤
ݱֶϳë
4.һǸԭĻڷ㸽ɽ̼Ļʯ
Ҷ3500 ǰȴǳʢһƬ
ƽԭɢŻɽΪʲôȽº͵ʱڣȴ
ˣֱǸ֮աѧƲ⣬
δػܲ˻ı仯ֵӲݶݵĥ
ʯ¼
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ָʷǰʱֲͶԼʯͿڻʯĹͨ
ֻжļӲ֣ݡǲܱż
ʱҲ̽õٶȺܿ죬ʹлĽҲԱ
ǳӾڰͷǵ٪޼ͻҵ¶ʯзֵʼ
ֵһĻʯǸݱܺõëʶġ
꣨ʯ㣩ͶУҲ˶塣Ǵ
ʯʽġձһ̾ǿ󻯹̡ν
󻯹̾ǵ崦ˮУˮеĿ͸

տȫȡ̶ֲ̼ͨͨﵽʯ
ġν̼̾ϸлֽ⣬ֲһ̼ı
Ĥǻ׺Ͷ㼣ҲΪʯ¼һ
֡
1.ǴԼ5000 ǰķҶڷɰҵҲбѹɱ
һ̼Ĥʹ
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ġ
6.ֺܺĺ̳㣩Ƥʯϲһ
ϡܾ45000 ǰռʱڵȴ֫ϵİ
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7.3 ǰϦǼڼ亣д޼׵оͼ
ϵ㶯ʱ½ءޣϸǳˮ
ϵ
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¼ȱʧÿĿȱʾֱֵֿĸֱʾ
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ڵļڼ䡪ֱ죬һڼ4 αƽʹ
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ĸ߶ȴ1600 ϡ4 㹹ɣÿһ
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Ǻܱһ㣬Ҫ͵ɵģƺ仯һС
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㡣ɲܷߵ粨ĵ絼㣨DEF1F2
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ġԭɵģ1ˮůڻ2 
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Abrasion ĥʴ ˮ˺ͱЯмԻҽе
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Abstraction Ϯ μPiracyϮᣩ
Abyssal Hills  еĵͻԲε̬
Χƽԭĸ߶ȿɴ1000 ֮࣬ĵײĿȿɴＸ
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ϵеһ˳ԱǸƵĳԱƳʯ溬ӣɷ
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ĴȴãܶȴĿڵ֮ϣγ˸ѹġ

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ľ޴仯Լͷ˶ͨڸ˳ϫѹ

Atmospheric Waves еĲ һָκһֿԱ
ʶʱϺͿռϾԵ˶ʽĳֻе
㴫ʹԵܵѹͣʵ
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ԱԤԤмֵЩŶе
һ͵Ĳǲֽг˹ȲеҪ
λˮƽĲ״˶ʽ˶ǲĲ1 ȶ
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Ľʹɽûˮ£һмһĻ

Attitude ״ ʯ״ԹһˮƽĿ
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Attrition ĥ Я΢ںӴб˴˳ײĦˣ΢
˳ԽԽСĥȡڿԭں
еĻͳ̶ԼǵĿʡʯӢұȳʯһʯ

ʯĥʯɰĥĵÿ졣ȻУ绯ú֧Ļ룬 
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ĸ̫ͬӼ˴ϲ壬ͺһ
ĵƹͨϵ屻⡣ɫ
ģɫ͵һ𷢳ġ
ڱ򣬼ⱻΪ⡢عͱ⣻ϰ򣬼ⱻ
ΪĴϼ⡣ڳǿűʱǿܴﵽϵ͵γȺͼ
ĸ߶ȡͨڼصֵĸ߶Լ80 ﵽ250 
ǿűڼ䣬Ͽɴ800 1000 ߡ
Authigenic  ڵͬʱγɻγԺ
ɵĿرָʯһЩγڳеĿ

Authigenic Sediment  ޹صֱӴӺˮ
Ŀгַʽγɵģа
̽ˡ׽ˡʯʯճԼһЩϡٵĿ
ֳҪȡأرҪȡŨȡԼȡںˮĻ
½ĳ
Autochthon ԭҿ һֻδԭλƶ
ʯ壻ҿȽϣҿѴԭλƶԭ
Ծܹ㷺ıá
Autunite ĸ ĸһֻɫ״Ǵĺˮ
Σ˿֮ϵμMineral Propertiesۿʣ


Available Relief ЧЧƣ ӷˮߴ
ȹȵ׵Ĵ̶ֱ̡߳߳Դʴͺӹȵȣžã 
Ҫء
Avalanche ѩұ ѩ顢飬ʯҿŸɽ
·ǳѸٵ˶п˶׳ۡΣյ˶ѩ
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ѩĩ״ѩʪѩͰ״ѩЩѩɾѩɣһ
Щм޴Σյѩ30㡪45ɽϷġڽ϶
ɽϻѩࣻ¶ȱ30СöɽǺٷѩġʿÿ
귢ѩΣٶÿСʱɸߴ320 γΣյĴ
ըѩγѩ࣬۹Ͳ۵Сò
ڸɽıٴűЩطᷢ
䵽ɽ¹ȵеı½ϣγı
ɺϸʵǵĶ´ͨγмʹ
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ݰɽϣɽϺطɭɽϵĵɫʯ
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СʯƬɣճɳұƬеĸɽϷ
ģļ˶Կ汻ѹĿ¡
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½һķ硣ʾʪѩγɵٲڰ˹ɽ
Grundl-owine
棬ճҳҵĴԼ꣬Щضŷұ
ʯڽзѳƬĳһҵĵΡ
ұСĺұݱɽ
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Ү壬˸ߴ536 ףĶ԰һɭ֡1963 ꣬
˹ɽعȳǷһұѹ2600 ˣ22500 
ϵмһˮ⡣һ̰ӣʹˮ20 ๫ĵ
⵽ûеһС1881 ʿķһұʹ115 
⵽1903 ڼô󰢶ʡ˷һұ70 

ѩ۹һʱظѩڹȱڵĻи
ĹͺӲۡ
Aventurine ɰʯ ɰʯǱȾɫʯӢͳ

ʯı֡ɰʯӢԺĸһЩȾе
ǻɫġɫġɫĻɫģȡڰĿͨ
ɰʯĲƷΪװβϣȻɰʯ֪
ƷнʯɰеͭмԹķ䣬һֻƻ
ɫμSunstoneճʯ
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֮ǣ2V ʾӹ2E ʾڿв
֮ĽǶȡ
Axial Ratio  ǱʾᾧԳȵһֵķ
ϵc ĳa ᳤Ϊλʾġ磬ʯӢ ac 
l1.102бϵбϵбϵa c ᳤b 
ΪλʾģǾֵab bc磬ؾʯab 
c1.62711.310μCrystal Axis۾
Axis of SymmetrySymmetry AxisԳ Գһ
ĴֱߣתһܣʹԼﵽͬλáμ
Cry sta Symmetry۾Գƣ
Azurite ͭ ͭһɫĺˮ̼ͭ
ɫ仯ͭġ֮ͭϵУ
ɫĺˮ̼ͭȸʯҲͭ
ȻͭõľڷױǵײɣɵĲ
˹ȷ֡μMineralPropertiesۿʣ

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BahadaBajada ´ƽԭ ɺͰɺһֳ
òɼڵĳɣҲɳȳʹɡ
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ɽBasin and Range Provi nceڣ޺ͰĴǱȽϸɽ
в´ԭμSlumpۻƣ
Barchan ɳ Duneɳ
Barite ؾʯ ؾʯᱵһֹ㷺ֲĿҪ״
ǦͭܺĽĿʯԸʽڡʯ
ĿնУмҲҵؾʯвԣ 
ʯ֮ϵķ绯ճУγɲп顣ؾʯǻѧҵıҪ
ԴΪиߵıأ4.5˴;;ʱཬ
׹뺬ϸ״ؾʯཬԷֹͻ
õؾʯ磬ģбԳƵľطֹ 
õľԿ˹ĦӢμMineralProperties 
ۿʣ¼4
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ش һִ뺣ƽɰʯһ
һϫ뺣ɳӵĶ߳߳ˮλɰ
ͨɴӺ̲洵ɰγɵɳɡһѻɰӣԳ
15 10 Ӣͨ1 ɳ֮䳣һ
ϫСˮݺǵɳ뿪½30 ๫
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ڷ˰ʴ򺣰һ˵½һ࣬ɰӾ򰶱ƶ 
Ȼ½ɰźĻסһЩһֱ
ڹη籩ʱСˮд½ɰ졣һЩɰڲ˴
װʾӵڽγɵġɰһֱڻĻУܽ
Ͳöϵظı̬Ĵīذһ
Щܺõʵݴǵĳݴɺ̲
̲Լÿ˹ݵļ˹壬ǽɰϵġɰǱһЩ
ϫСˮָһϵɰӡ
Basal Conglomerate  һִңһϸ
ϵĵײͣڰʴ֮ϣɷ

ǵĵеʯƯͣڰϵɰҵʴ
֮ϣϵɰҸǡ
ѡõľһʯɡڵ£ںϵйĵ 
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fan aproncompound alluvial fanpiedmont alluvial plain ȡǺͱǣֵòΪͣ 
صҲͱֱӽ벢ΪӦˣbahada ΪӢתдΡbajada Ϊתд
Σͬ
 ϲһȻͨƴأGreat Basinڻɽ
ɽΪĪΤɳĮ

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ǰĺʴ½ضγɵģԽϱʯʹɰǵ
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Basalt  һϸɫɽң൱ڻԳҵ
ҪɷʯǺƸбʯΪ߾֡ͨİ
ɫͨʯʯͨʯȿڻʣҲڰ߾г֣
ʯͨڰ߾г֡Щͨʯͺĸ
Ǹ׳֮ϻµḻĻɽҡڸ
ǸԭγɸǼƽڱ𴦣Ⱥ 
γɾ޴Ļɽ

ոȺͱʴʾҺҵĽ㣬
֤˸ȺɽÿҲһλɽ緢ǹ̽
Ļɽҡ
Basalt Plateau ңԭ Plateau Basalt Ҹԭ 

Base Level ʴ׼ ½ʴļޡƽ
ʴ׼棬κθ߳ϣʱԵġֲԵʴ׼档
ʴʯͿṩһʱԵʴ׼档Զľֲ
ֲʴ׼͵ĵطʴΪˡ
У͵㣬ҲǾֲԵʴ׼档ڽˮĺ˵ 
Ӱһֲʴ׼档
ʴ׼
͵Ҳյʴ׼棬ڴϵĺͻи
Ӷκӵ˵Ǿֲʴ׼档úҲԴΪ׼ֶ
ˡ
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δʯһԣǰĻɽҺͱ
ɵġȻĳЩҲй
䡣μCratonۿͨ
Basement Rock ʯ ǰʯɵǲִ½ǣ
Cratonۿͨ
Basin  ؿг˳İݡɽؽ
һΪͬͣ1ǵλúγʱĵؿǹĹϵ 
2صļμGeosyncline۵زۣBatholith һ ¶
100 ƽϣдĴͻ塣ڵؿγɡ
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Bathyal Zone  ½ܱԵĵײ֮ĵشҲ
ˮԼ200 ׵2000 ׻ߵˮ´߳4洦סѸô
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ȱ⡢¶ȴ4浽15ңζΪ3436/1000Ȼ
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У½Դ½أճ 
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Bathymetry ѧ ԴײĲͼйغ׵Ƶ
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ǰֻд½ܵнϺõĺͼҼȡ
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ʿѧҰ¹˹ءƤ£Auguste PiccardĶӼֿ˹
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оԾ㣨100200 ¶Ⱥܶȷ仯
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ڴֹֻͣʱʹãֺˮ¶Ȳǿʹѧ
ʡܶʱ;ѡ
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ƷԴʱΪһֿﲢΪֻһֻѧɷ֣Ҷ
ܾú󣬿ѧоһֺϸļֿ
˽ʯΪǡҪɷ֣Ǻˮ
ˮ󡢲ķʯӲˮʯκһֶռơȴ
ںߵʯ绯ãΪл󴲡´ճ
ΣǺߵʯķ绯ȴҲҪ
Ǩƣ ֻЩĸ 
lateriteڸĻҵγɴĸǲ㡣
ʯֻ߶
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Baymouth Beach ں̲Baymauth bar ɳޣBay Barrier 
ɰӣ һɳʯ߼ɳʯ˺ͽ
γɣȫ߲ȫبڶһ½쵽һ½ᵡ
̲ͨɴһ½ᵻԵ½ᵵɳ𽥷γɵġֺ

̲ɳγɵĲ򺣰شձ顣ź̲չͻ
תһȽĺǿ󣬾пܰѺ
ȫ˺ͷӺ̲ϴʣԼѴĳ
ڝеֲĻۣͻʹޣ̲
ѝû
̲
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̲
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رǲĲ޵ĺذһں̲100 

Bayou ɺӵ ľɺӵеĺˮ
ں̲ϣҲγСˮӴµĺӵ 
Ϻӵ˦־ɺӵӡ
Beach ̲̲ źɰͣ
ʯɵһ̬ӷһֱ쵽õޣ
̲ûֲбû뺣ˮС̲ʯƬǡӲĺ
лʯӢȿɡ 
̲ڻĻСڲʹ̲ƶ
ʹ̲źƶ˶Ħʹм
һ𣬲ʹƬ顣ʶڱߵʱ̲
չǰ̲ڱʱ̲ǰؾܵʴ 
½طˣ˺̲ʹѧҸеȤĲƣϸͳ
ۣ̲죬γں̲ں̲ͺ̲ɳ̲ϻ
ɳһֱں̲Ͽɻƽʯȿμں̲
BaymouthBeachݣɳSpitݺɳᵣTo-mbolo
Bead Tests  ǽһδ֪һڵ͸
ۼĶԷ顣ͨۼɰɰǷ
׽˿Сڱڳ͸ĲƵΡƷ
ʹɰֳɫ磬ܲɫ򣬸ɫ
Becke Test ˣߣ ǹԿѧȽ
һһʵһ顣1893 건˷֣͸
˱ȽӴʱ΢¼飬Ϳȷһʸߡ飬 
Ҫ󽹾׼ڽӴϣȻ΢Ͳͻʹ뿪㡣
һߡ߾ͻнϸʵĿΧʣҺ

Bedding  ڳУʱҲҽҺͱпɼĳ
״졣ڳУпС
ֱ仯ĽʾĲǱʹδȫƻԭ
ҵĲһЩҲʾڷĻɽɵġ
ʱ³ҽײγĿľҲԲ

ݹذʑҴһӣڶ
ڵ֮6 ״һһɷֵ岻ͬĸʯ㡣

ҳҺʯ¶ͷϲͬ绯ɫӳ˲ͬĲΡ
Bed Load Ӵ ںӴϻӴ͵Ĺм
ʡЩ̫ءֻ˳źӵ׹ǰ
ǵ˶ʱʱ˶ٶȱˮǻ˶
ΪµˮٲֶͬΪоĹϵ
Ӵʵ˶ȡڿĦˮıȽͺˮ١
Bedrock  ¶ڵرں񱡲ȵı֮µΪһĹ
ʯ¶رʱΪ¶ͷͨɽԼʴþ
ҵĸɺĶϡʱ׺δ̽ĳ︲ǣ
ϲȺءɻҡҺͳɡ
̲úʯ͡ÿʯԼܶྭҪԭϡ
Ĵ֪ʶڶԻҵо
Beheaded Stream ӣͷӣ Ϯɥʧ
һ֧ĺμPiracyϮ 
BelemnoidBelemniteʯ һͷද
ִ٪޼ͺͰѼ͵ĺУֶǷǳձġ
ʯǹŴǾע⵽Ļʯ֮һļƵʹһ
ŵ뷨ΪǷ籩״ҲΪʯѩ
ѻָʯ֪ϵļʯʱڣʯ̿ͣĺзֵġ
ʯڰѼĩʯΪ٪޼ͺͰѼ͵زָʾʯǷǳ
ġ
ʯ
1.ʯʯ״īҵѹӡ
2.ǹͷදܵʱųһƬīɫ
ʾĳġѩ״ڲʣŶβķ
׶
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Լ45ĽǶȲ½½Ե֮µ档ݰ鹹ۣʯȦ
ű·ϵᣡʾ·ڵλ
áдر·ֲѧ·
HugoBenioffģ
Benthos  ܾں׵塣෱
ֲֲҲж׶вͬ
淽ʽеĲƶֻǹ̶һطеس ƶ
д򶴾סеƶ纣嶯з 
еǹŵģ纣ࡢɺͺȻǵһ㶼Ǹε
Ưģʹܹ㷺ֲ
Bentonite  ɻɽһʴγɵճ 
Ҫճɣʯͱʯһֶص
ˮʣʹ͵ԭļһĵػ
Щճʱͻᵼ¸ӵĲȶԡ

Bergschrund Դͷ϶ ڸɽԴͷͻҼ
ѩԭ֮һԲ϶Crevasseܽƽ
ı϶ȺڶԴͷ϶ͨΪѩγѩţļ 
ǳġηһ϶ıΪ϶һ
ΪΪңΪͻҡ뿪һֹѩԭ
ηƶγɱԴͷ϶ļڱԴͷ϶
ԾΪ϶еıѩˮϿܶᡣֶڻ
Ƿڻ϶Уôطұһ鲢
ߡҾʴַͨʽԴʴγɱ
Cirque
Berm ຣ̲ λں̲һСʱƽĸߵػ׵ء
һһƽ̹Ļ컺½бĵ棬һ뺣̲
һĶӡຣ̲һɶѻ˰γɵģ
ƻ˰нءͨγɵĽϸߵĺຣ̲ļγɵĽϵ͵
ຣ̲ͬʱڵģļĺຣ̲λڿһࡣ
Beryl ʯ ʯһϡԪοԹ
֪ʯΪʯʮͼĽʹôʯȡΪ
ܵ¡һֽṹͺϽ𡣽ʯҲΪп顣
ʯҪԴǻΰңʯǶڴִĳʯʯ
ӢУǳɫ塣ȻĳƽСֻмףǣ 
Ҳҵ޴ʯ壬8 ף2 סһЩǲ͸ģ 
д覣ֻΪĿʯǳ͸ıʯʯ
ʯΰҵĿնУԺõľ֡Ȼʯ
ɫģҲиɫı֣Щиʽơ
ͨģҲɫĺʯŨĽɫľнɫ
ʯʯǷۺɫõɫġ
ɫʯĸֵ̣ǳߣʯ챦ʯ
ʯһرʯУͬɫı֣ǵĲ״ǲͬġЩ
طΰҹǲΰұУڸʯ
ڱһЩطױǣںɫ̼ʯеĿ 
ʯӢ干ϷǣǣͲΤͰ 
ĸƬڷֹĸ̡
ʯһ롢ɵĻ״ΣҲɺ
Ԫأʹбʯɫĸ̺ĸͷʯķۺ
ɫ老ġʯ壬Ǵ
廹С塣ˣ͵ĳϡСıʯ
ֶβܴı仯μMi- neral Properties 
ۿʣ¼4
B-Horizon B  HorizonsA-B-C-A 㣬B C 
Biaxial Crystal ᾧ ᾧľ壬νᣬ 
ش˷˶Ĺ߲˫䡣ֻбϵбϵб
ϵǶᾧ
Bifurcation ֲ ķֹɻֲ󡣡ֲȡBifurcation 
rateĳһĿԽϸһĿıʡorder

ʾϵиԹϵκ֧ɷֵСĺ
һɺһ
Biogenic Sediment ĳ ɶֲγɵ
νĳȴ̲ģɺ
мȫġкܴ󲿷ģҳ
ɸεСĶֲ幹ɵġĸĲ壨
ǣͳףЩɹʻ̼ƹɵĹ׿ǾͿܲд
Biosphere Ȧ ӽĿռ䣬
Ŵͨ΢Ĳ޴ĺɼȦֱΪ
ȦȦļκεطȪˮ档Ȧ 
ں׵ĵڵ15 ϣ㵽ǵƬ;
зֵļ򵥵ʽڵ1.8 ĵؿڲҪࡣ
Ȧ͵ʯȦˮȦȦȦһҪֲﲻ
Ȧ໥ãҪĵʹСúʯ
ʷǰʱлγɡܶʯرʯңܾл
γɵءϸĳЩ͵γŹؼáʯо
ڵʷķչṩ˺ܶϡ
Biostratigraphic Unit ز㵥λ ݻʯصͳ
һҲһҲ㡣ԸݵʯҲԸеĻʯ
ΧʯʻṹΡǰʯ
ϴʯһضڼγɵЩʯɵģ
ϴһ鹲Ļʯһֱ׼ʯķΧȷ
Biotite ĸ ĸеһͨҿɫɫ
ɫμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Biozone  һضȡMarine 
Environmentۺ󻷾
Bituminous Coal ú һɫӽɫúԼ7080 
Ĺ̶̼1520׻ӷʣʵؽŪָ
ʲĳ״ȼʱ̡úֳơúԱ
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ӡڰɡԼݣŷޡޡԼޢ 
Ҳú
Blastoid Sea Bud Ƥźٸ٣
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Pentremiteһ࣬ȼͣʯ̿ͣʯ
ձ飬ʱڵʽĺܺõָʾʯ
Blowpipe  ѿ桢ȼԲĹ
ӡ˰ʷŽ棬Ա˽ʡ19 Ҷ
ܣԿеͨԪأ顣Ĵܣһ˴һС 
 ڳΪޣOceania

԰ѿ˵ķβͨСֱ͵ƾƵĻȥִ
ĴܣÿȼͿʹ֮ԶֱӱɳȵĻ档
Body Wave 岨 ܹͨؿǴκε𲨡岨ѹ
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ʯڻҺΰй㷺ֲ٣ֻطң 
ΰеʯ㹻ƷλΪ󴲿ɣвάǺӢ
Ŀ߶ĸҺйҵֵʯ󡣵Ͼ
ǴɰʯȡġǾķ绯ãʹʯĸ
ɰиɰǡ̩
йڲάΨһĴ״пɴʯĹҡ
Mineral Propertiesۿʣ
Casts and Molds ģģ Ȼܰģ
ģģ
1.ģγɣaһʯڳʱbʯֽ⣬ 
εļ¼ģcոģ
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ģʳcϸҲ绯ˣ¶˻ʯģ
ģʵϵлʷǰʱڶֲӡģȴ
Ϊǻʯνģģֱͣûԭʼл 
ҲûκлûߡȻлĺۼѹӡṩ˶ֲʵ
Ӧ֤ݡģллһ֣ǡǡݵȣΧ
еѹӡһĿܵĳδӲǰѹ 
ͿһǵⲿѹӡΪģһĿǱ
Ȼǵıֱܻ绯ʧʱγģ˹
˵ĳжӳڲṹڲģʱΪʯ˻ˡ
ģлƷǸģġĳһ

ʣʳлļӲܻγɵģʱ
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ģģγɣʹһĻʯǸţ
ʯΪදĿǺ׷ֽ⡣
Cataclasite  һȴڵĹʯζı
ңûγ¿αʯѹѣԭʯ
ɷֺͽṹԿɱϡ֮䷢˶ϲ㣩
طγɡڵڵĽǳγɣʯ࣬Աѣ
¶Ⱥܵ²ܲѧӦγ¿αǿҹ
ΪҡҲʯγɡμLunarGeologyѧ 

Cataclastic Metamorphism ѱ ʯѹ
ĥ顢ԭĹ̡μKinefic Metamorphism۶ʣ
Cataclysm  Լ40 ǰײǿѸ
СǼ䡣
Catastrophism ֱ һּ˵ΪҲгֵĻʯ
ϵĲΪһȻֱ䵼¹ϵʯи
µּ˵ֵ֧Ĺ۵Լÿ񱩺ͳȻ
䣬ˮ˵͵ʺ仯һ̴ֶڵĹ۵㡣
۵Ҫ֧Ƿѧ͹ѧB.G.άҶ17691832 
꣩ŷĽѶ͵״ͳͳ֮ʥ
ŵǺˮɵġκˮֱ¼֮һרȡ
ЩٻĶֲֱֲȫԵģҲ
𡢻ɽ쫷硢ˮͺХľֲȻֺ
άҶʮ͵Ŀѧеӳֹʱڵʱ
䡣ֱۺ˵ȡ˵Ϊڸŵ͵
ȻʱڶһֱΪȺͳá
Cats Eye èʯ èʯһɫḺ̌ʯı֣һּ
ֵߵıʯ
Cave and Cavern ѨʹѨ ʯ׶
cavityеѧΪ׶İڿͨ޷
طĺڣ㶴ѨѨǱȶѨĿ
еİ봦ڵĺ󣬶ڵײϿգΪ¶roch 
shelter
Զ𣬱ԶѨʮע⡣ԭʼöѨꡣú 
ֿڵҩġоѨĿѧΪѨѧspeleology

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ĴѨڱˮڱײıпٵġĶײ
࣬ӲɿǣĲֵˮſպ󣬾γɼﳤ׿
ζѨмµҿͱгĴ䣬֡ܿߡ 
bearden cave״Уγ¶еķ绯
ÿɰʴĲʴȥʣ¼Ӳ֣γɶͶס
ڴѨĶʯҡҺͰСʯ

Ȼܽڴˮˮж̼ͱȽܽ⡣
ˮеĶ̼һԴ󲿷Ժøֳʵ
ȵʯҲ͸ˮ󲿷ֶѷʹֱĲܽ
̼ˮͨЩ϶˶϶һҪ֮γɹܵ
ҡȥΪЩնǺ͵رˮƵˮɵģλ
ڵˮ档ڴѧΪѨĳԺ̼ѩ
ˮλһ㶼ȵˮλ͡ˮλܵرеӰ½ 
ƽҲ½ʱ¶ѨŻ߳ˮλһѨ
ʯ̬Ӧ˶ѨγԺˮԻͨ
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පѨдԶ´ʯԶϴ
ʯʯʯʱγʯ⻹ʯ᣺ʯĻ׺
ŶںͶЩΣеʹȻĲ԰ףеĿĻң 
ƺͺɫЩͬеĺٲԼä
ʹΰĶѨΪ桢ʤ
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Ҳȶϵĳϡˮк̼Ƶʾʯҵܽ
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ԶڲⶨѨûжôֻ˵
Ѩѡ鶯Ĺ ͸ӵĶѨ㣬 
ԱĳЩѨĹϳ̶ȡøʷϣԱȶѨ
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ܽγɵġĳЩѨУеʯʯʯɣ 
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˹͵¶Ѩ֪ĵʯеĴ󷿼䣨Big 
RoomԼ400 ףԼ200 ףԼ90 סһдGreat 
Domʯ񣬸ߴ19 סѨѾ̽ĳԼ37 ֻг5 
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 ˹͵¶Ѩλīݶϲ1923 Ϊұ1930 Ϊҹ԰Ϊ
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 ﶴΪĬ˹λڿ1941 Ϊҹ԰Ϊﶴҹ԰
Marn-moth Cave National Park

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ڰѼĩʯڵʱǳܷḻǵĸʿ
ױͷද͡٪޼ͺͰѼͳҵָʾʯ
컹ŵͷදڲ
һǣȻʯһЩҪĻʯһ
ӲǣСΪʯͷ㶯ֱ׶
Բ׶״⻹ϡȦ״Ŀǻ״ǡ
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Chalcanthite  һֺˮͭ˹ͭ
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ֲڣʯĿնУָЩɫɫ͸״
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ֲ㷺֮ͭһγڶֵڻҡΰǽ 
Ӵʿ󴲺ͽᾧƬждڡ;üֵԣΪҪĲ״

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Ҫԭ
ͭһֻͭĻɫһΪḻĿ 
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Chalk ѣCalx˼ʯң һϸ״ʯ
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è۾һʡ
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Chert ʯ һѹʵ˵رӲĹʳңʯӢɣ 
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ĸļṹĲ״Σɫɫǣ
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Cleavage  ʯһδƽԭʼƽѿ
ơԭʯܱλöһִҶ
ܼƽѻһЩƽйͽṹѧʶʽ
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Slaty CleavageʹѳһЩƬԡƬ
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תΪ״Уƽƽ淢ؽ

ƽFracture CleavageǷʯеһܼ棨
ӼףʯпĶûйϵֽ
ԭܵʹеģҲ˵ڵʯ໥
ʱġ
ƽн֮ĸƬ䲢δλơ
нShear CleavageҲʯһּй죬ƽ
֮ıƬɼλơӽƽؽ

Slip CleavageҲӦStrei-nslip Cleavage
ϸCrenulation Clea-vageǷھвһӢ
ƬС֮ǿ԰Ľ϶̵ʹƬ״ƽ
ɱɵƽСЩƽش˷

˳Bedding CleavageڰƽԭҲ
״졣˳ĳǰᵽĿƸֽγɵ֮ȥ
ҡ˳ǱáؽᾧõĽҲ
ϸ޺Ҳѹɡ
ѧ͸оĸͼ빹ļι
ϵֽЩϵʶԽΪԭؿǱθ
ʷĹߡ
CleavageMineral  Mineral Cleavageۿ
Cleavelandite ҶƳʯ ҶƳʯƳʯһƬ״ı֣
ǳΰС
Cliff  ڻһ绯иĶ»档Ҫɶ
㡢ɽ˺ͽʴˮͱγɵġɶϲ
ºͨٹĳЩط3 ڻɽ
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ȺðǻɽͻΤɽƻɽΧǴֱ
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ףˮ»100 ס
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û֣Ͽ壩ʮֱֶͣڼԼȺ

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ƹͬɵġ
Climate ͳ˵ָڵ󣻱Ƚϸ˵
ָһضضʱ׶ڵͳƵƽضʱ׶ͨ
Ϊʮꡣ¶ȡˮҪؾкܴıʣ仯
ͨΪһطһݡȻҪشſɱ
ԣΪԼһЩҪȶģҪس˽ϴ
ƫֵ󣬼ȻҪصƽֵֵʷ 
 ʮꡢǧǻᷢ仯ġǧ
ʱ߶ڣı仯Ƿǳġ仯ͻ
ӿܾǱںͼڵı仯
Climate һϣKlima-ʣôΪǵ˼
˿ԿһҪ⣬ϣǿγھ¶Ҫ
á֮ԴڸͣԼҪ
̫䡢תɳɷ֡Լ½ءˮ塢ɽ
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Ķ̼ˮ͹΢бΪ
仯Ŀԭ򣬵Ӱ컹ǺСģЧƺ
ֻǾֲԵģҲǵԵġ

ϵҪ´ȴ򡢸ԭ
Clouds  ǴײԿüһ̬ƿ
ϸСˮΡҲϸСıɶ߻γɵģ
Ӵʱͱ֮ΪˮڴϸСĳ
λ̵΢ʱγ˹ƵˮΡЩ΢ͱΪˡ
¶ȸڱ㣬ƾȫˮɡ¶ȵڱ㣬ô
ɱˮˮڱΪ˵ϸС΢϶γɵģҺ
ˮ϶ɡڱ͵ö¶£ϸСˮܱҺ̬ 
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ɱɡˮɵҪɱɵƾиͱȽ
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ڿͨǴˣˣƵγҪȡˮ
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Ƭ״״ƣγɽƣĸ߶ȴӽ浽2000 
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ױƾǡͨõƵķ࣬1803 Ӣ
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Ƶ΢ǷǳСģĴСԼΪһͨεİ֮һ
ƵСȣͺ̶һΪ 
ֻɹƵСͨˮĲ۱ԽԽγɵġ
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СγɳѸ٣ȻõٶȾͱ÷ǳˡֻд
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ˮܺ׵ؾͱ㹻ˮβΪ
˵Ͳˡ
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ɣAlfred Wegener1911 ģ1943 жףTor 
BergeronԳֵزɷҵɭW. Findeisenһչ
ƲУԵˮҺ̬ת1946 ꣬ɭ
ءлVincent J. Schaeferͨѹġɱ
̼뵽ĸ߻Уַ֤ǳɹġһʵܿ͵
һоǰѸʵ΢УԽ˹ꡢֹ
׵ʵ顣
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Сˮϡһ½ˮΣͨײ
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ˮΡСͬˮʱײõĽ 
γɳٶȾͷǳ졣ƲԼĶ˶ǿңײ
÷ĿԾͼ󡣲μ Condensationãݡ
Coal ú ֲĲ岿ַֽ⡢Ȼ籾γɵһּȼյ
ʯҹɲ״ɷǺ̼˵ֲɡ
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Ϊܣˮֺͻӷ庬ҪСȼʱҪ
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һֺںɫĵͼúʱĳϵѹ
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ײ仯γɣúֲȻ֮ϡ
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ŷޡӢʱ¹Լϲú̲ͨ

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̲ɽ̫ƽԭĳЩ
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ǺĽһɵؿǵĸ˶γɵġбĺ
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ڻڱкڿﹲڰԵĹŲأ 
ͼɱлܿ󡣼Mineral Propertiesۿʣ
¼4
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õֻڵγȵůˮСÿֱֻ
м΢סֽγɼƬ̼ƣγɸࡣʯҲ
ǹŴγɵİѵҪɳɷ֡
Coelacanth ռ ڼǳḻһࡣǰ
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Լ1.5 ׳Ŀռ㱻һڷ޶غشе񣬴˺
м͵Ŀռ㱻ЩìβࡣЩ
ŵĿռΪоһදĻʯԼ׵ʷṩ˺
мֵĲϡ
Coelenterate ǻ ǻǻţֱΪ嶯
ˮĸɺȡǻﶼˮ
ںˮСŵǻصǾǻԵͳд
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һЩȺɺһȺɡ
ѧҺ͹ѧΪǻ٣1ˮ
HydrozoaСĶ2ˮ٣ˮĸ3 
ɺ٣ɺͺڴȱӲ֣ˮͲˮĸ
ͨΪʯǼˮĸ̼ͨ
Ϊģģϸб
ɺٵʯɺڵǷǳҪģɺı״
Ϊɺɺ֮ͨ״ֿ
Ϊиɺɺ嶥״ӵСЩɺ
¶ɺÿɺ潨ɺ塣ɺ״Ϊɺ
ɺԼŦɺȺɺ򸴺ɺɺ帴϶ɵĴģʯ
ɺ
ȴɺ໥ӣγɴɺ壬֮

ΪĴǶĴ󱤽ͷﰵ϶˵ɺɺ
ھж׺͸ṹĳЩڵµɺܻẬʯ
͡
ɺʯ˵ȥʱ֤ݡִɺϸȴ
ȴůУƺڹȥҲˡˣΪɺ
ʯʯǳůĺСȻˣɺڱȦ
ǵĴ˵־ʱȴȴġɺ
Ӱռ͵ڵʯоз֡ɺڹرḻΪ
ṩڶָʾʯ
Coke ̿ ú̿õһֿȼĹʣȼϡ
Col ɽ ˮϵĵ͵ĲλͨɽõĽɽ
ǷˮԴʴγɵġ˹ɽеʥ
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Colemanite Ӳʯ ӲʯһֺˮĸΣɰ
һԴͨڵ͵ĺУƸʯɰ㣬
ЩʴġӲʯһɫɫģмȫ
ĿڼǺڻԼڰ͢塣μ
Mineral Propertiesۿʣ
Collapse Depression ̮ݰ ʵе
Ķֲ̮γɵİӻ򰼵أԲΡλ򲻹״ 
м׵ףͨ3 9 סĳЩǸɵģûб
еСˮеİгԼֲ̮ݿ
̽ԺܾãҲԷڻҺҵʱ
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Ҳ̮ݰӡ
Collophane ׿ ׿Ʒʵ׻ʯʯҪ
ɲ֡
Colluvium  Է绯ͻеʣֻ
ƶŹȱڶѻɢʡ䡢 
ȿԻأҲѸٵƶĳɷȡԴصʯû
һ㲻̬ȱڵĴǵĺ׼ǵʯɣ 
Щʯ˴˲ܴΪһ̸
˶γɵĶѻҶѡɳγɵĶѻﶼ
ڱ԰ѲԴʯȫǺڷƽ
ԭıԵشصһ
Columbite һ̡ 
Ǻܺģвִ㹹һһϵУ
ӣ𽥱˳ԱֿͬʱΪꡢ
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ڻҺйصΰУϡٵĿʯ
ϸʯμ Mineral Propertiesۿʣ¼4
Columnar Jointing Columnar BasaltPolyonal Columns 
״״ң һЩ״ĳΪ
λΡЩԽΪ߽磬Ŀȣ

ΪӼһٶףֱӼס
ҺҴĻܼǡ
״֮УҲںҼ۽С
״췽ֱȴ档ֱͨ
ҴĶ桢棬ֱǽĲڡ״ǻϼ
ٶȹ̽Ժȴ¶Ȳõ·ġ
ɺԣʧˮʱҲγƵ״
ǵĵ¸˹˹ɶ׳۵ݵ
˹״ңֱ2.5 ϡƵ
ױǺӺ˹ڿ˺Ҳձɼ̨ףGiants 
CausewayҸ˹Ҷ˹ڲȺոص״
֪ġ
compaction ѹʵ ϸȻСѹʵ
ϸĲ϶ѻɵĳڲ϶С
һʵĳѻһƽ̹ϣڸѹʵͬȳ̶ȡ
ѻһƽ̹ıϣĩ͵Ĳλõĳｫȸ
Ĳλࡣµĳϳϸʱǽʼԭʼ
̬ڵͰϵĳ﷢Ƚǿҵѹʵöɵġ
ɴ˶ɵĳﹹ֮ǲѹʵõֱӽ
Compensation Depth  еһȣϣ 
лʵɵлʵķֽƽ
⡣źˮ͸ȡ̫Ǻض仯
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Competency  of StreamЮɳ ܹ˵
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V-6C ΪЮɳV Ϊ١֮ںˮڼö
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Compression ѹ һĳȻСһ
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һƽϣشƽʵֱƼһ𡣵ر๹죬
ڶϲ㶼ǵڼѹֱӽ
ʯƻǰкǿĿѹʹʯϺ
Ҫӿ St. Ludger de Milot Venus de Milo 
Ľʯڱѹ֮ǰɵֿסÿƽ2300 ѹ

Concboidal Fracture ״Ͽ ״ϿڴԿͲ
ҵһֹ⻬ģ͵ĶϿڣֶϿںһǵڱ档ʯ
ӢĶϿھһܺõӡ
Concordant  ؿʯעеĻ֮乹
ϵһǵĽӴƽʯ״Ļĩ

˵ֹϵϵġҴ壬ƽʯ
Ĳ档ҽ빹Ҹǡ衢ҼҰ
Concretion  һӲʯ壬³Բʽ״
ѧʺΧʯͬĳЩҵ
ͬ״죬ɲγɡɴҺгʹɣ 
Χһʯɰһĺķ½˵ⲿ
⻬ģ̬Скܴı仯ľгɵĿն
ˣΪЩȤĿγѾΪװƷΪ
֪
Condensation  һʴ̬ΪҺ̬̬á
ѧϣϰϰýΪ̬Һ̬ı仯¶
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дϸСε΢ʱͻʪΪ΢
ڱȽϸĿҲܴٽõĽСñγɽ
ˮëëϸꡣˮγɣҪһЩƣʹ
СγɳΪܽ䵽ϵҺ̬Ĵλ̬Ŀ
Ȼͨÿ԰Ѵˮ뵽Уʹˮﵽ
ͶãǣڴУҪڿȴĽ
ʹһˮĿﵽ״̬ãȷе˵ 
ǿͣǿеˮ͡ǣ͡͡
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¶ȶ仯ѹÿһֵһӦıΪ¶¶ȣ 
¶ʱһ֡¶¶һʱʪ
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100ʱŻ֡ΪѹǸݴˮ򴿱ƽıⶨģ 
ڴвǴڵġϵıѹҪСˮ
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ͨеҪν˵΢СʵĴڣ
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102ͺܹ۲⵽ɴ˿Եóۣ֤ڴͨ
Ǵ˵ġͨȻ˾Ϊгԭɭֻ
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ˣΪЩ΢һʪԣҲ˵ˮķ
һ׺ʪԵ΢ǷǳЧˣΪˮ
΢ʱγ˱ѹǳ͵Һ磬ʪԼ
78ʱڴʳϾͿʼáˣɺˮн
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ԭ򣬷ǳС΢ΪЧ΢ڰ뾶Ϊ10-7cm һ

ˮΧıѹƽ̹ˮıѹ3 
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ıѹ3 Ȼһɴˮɵİ뾶Ϊ10-5cm ˮ
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¶Ⱥ¶֪ģô߲ſʼƳ
ҲͿԼµΪÿ100 ¶½1棬 
ÿ1000 ף¶½02档
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ʯɣÿ׶ɱĤ׶ĲΪ״йۡ׶
ĸ߶ȴ10 ׵10 ס׶ĳδȫŪ塣ƺ
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׶μдܻĽ

4.5 ǰµһɫʯӢʯϸǹ
ڳ¶ŦԼݵĳɽҡ
Cone of Depression ½© ˮڳˮʱ 
½©
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ƽˡ
Cone Sheet ׶״ϯ ϯ״Уÿһ໥ϵͬĻ
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ˮƽཻ30㡪45ǡ׶״ϯƺҽעؿǵĴ
Բֶγɡעѹϸؿǵѷ죬ҽҽ
ע뵽ЩѷȥעҽĹ̽׶״ϯֹس
ʵոͻݷ֡
Conglomerate  һмңֱС2 ׵Ĵ»
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ȻЩʯȡ̬ͳɷֿܱ仯ܴ󣬵ڵ£
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ʯҲԲңӢΪС
Connate Water ˮ μSubsurface Water۵ˮ
Conodont ʯ һСɫЩƵĻʯΪ
ĳѾļӲ֣֯ڲ֧
ȻѧʯԴЩеĻʯ΢
ѧоԵļֵʯռֱͣǰܷḻ 
ڶĩһЩѧΪ͵Ѽ͵Ҳе
ʯǹģǺһٳġĳЩռ͡ͺ
ȼͣʯ̿ͣʯ΢ѧرõָʾ

ʯ
Conrad Discontinuity ¼ 㼴ؿڲ
֮Ľ档Ŀǰֻܸݵͨ򴫲״ж档
ϣ´ĵ𲨵ٶȴÿ6.1 ӵÿ6.4 
6.7 ǿɱģҳжͨؿ
ĵٱ仯ǽͻ䡣
˳
ֺ͵ȡڵ˳زеĽ
ʯγɵƽдΪ֧ĺӵΪɺӡ
Consequent Stream ˳ ܵԭƵĺ
Ϊɽ»·ǵƽĶСӡӸΧ˵ǻ̧
غƽԭϣ˳򺣵컺С
Contact Metamorphism Ӵ ӵؿ
ӴγɵģΧңʯзѧ仯Щ
ҽͺˮҺ¶ɵģЩڱ
ʹжʮҪĻѧӦ߻áӴõ¶ȷΧ
300浽800֮仯Χѹ֮10 ѹ
൱ɽӴʲʯһȺϸ״ࣨңΪ
״Һң
ʯĽӴ޶ھֲݲӰΧ
ķΧӼʮõĹҽС¶Ⱥͳɷֿơ
ϸ壬ʹʱϳ˽͸Χ
СһʯĽӴԼһ¿γֵÿղ
ղصĿʯĿ磬Ĵȡɫ
ʯʯͱΪμʯѰҡʯʯҪ
ڰʣɽҲϸЩ
ʯʯǲڽӴʵʯС
Continental Accretion ½ һ㷺ܵ
ۡڵʷڼ½ı۲ûбձ
ϡ½ԷĻƣز۴ķƻγȶ
½ǣͨһйءص£һۣزۣ 
γɵȶĴ½鷢չԼԴ½ĳ 
ļӲֵĶѻԴ׻ɽм˳
ĺ۶ܵؿ鹹죩壬
ԼӳԭʼͨǷģԭ½ܽ
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½
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½ͨõݻܺõʾڱ½ϡ½飬 
ⶨҪ25 ꣬ڴ½ϵĵز۳ض
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󲿷ĵؿڵһڼѱ졣ʱڣӵ
½ϵЩؿǣҲܵ㷺رΡһЩѧҼţԭʼ
ǲϵܵãؼСԭȵ
Continental Borderland ½Ե ½Եڵκ͹
ǷǳӵĵεĲڿ״Ѻγɵġ½Ե
صǳذѳѻֻмһֳﵽ½
Continental riseϼǡɺйӡ
ίغǵ͵Ĵ½Եء
Continental Crust ½Եؿ ĺĲ
֡˴½Եؿ鲢ڻҵĳɷ֣Ҫʯ
Ӣͳʯɵģ½ԵؿֱΪǣΪﺬ
ߡȻ½ԵؿǱΪлҵɳɷ֣ʵϣ
żΪֶĻѧԪغͿкҡһĴԺ
Ϊ2030 ĴֱȿԸݵ𲨵Ĵʽʹٶȷ
½ʵǸܶȽϴҵؿϵľ޴ġĻ
顣
Continental Drift ½Ư˵ ½Ư˵Ϊ½Ǿֹ
ĵؿ飬ŵ˶ŵĵؿǵһ֡1628 ꣬Ӣ
ѧFrancis Baconע⵽ϵ
ԡ1880 ĩµѧҰ»˹Eduard Suess 
ޡޡĴǺӡһϴ½һ֣
Ĺ½Ϊɹ½Gond- wanaland˹ҪǸϰ
ĸ½ֲϵĵʽ졣
1912 ꣬½Ư۱¹ѧκɣAlfred Wegener
κɵ۾Щ˹ǸڱĴ
½ʯ͵ϵΣԼݻʯķֲ
ѧһκҲڸ½ϵĶﻯʯֲﻯʯֳǿ
ԡΪڱ˴˷Ĵ½ϴŵƵĶֲ֣ 
ԽĺǨƵĽΪҪι
ǸܵġѧҸݵʱձϵۺܿͶκ
飬ΪǨƵȷǴڹͨӾ
ʽǨƣͨ½ǨƵģ½ڵʷϰѸ½ 
û뺣¡
κɲͬ½˵ɣ½Ҳʹ½һӦ
ȵڲܶҪСʯɵġ޴½֮ܳ
УôؿǵܶӦ½صܶһġڴн
еؿǵܶҪ½صؿǵܶȴ󡣼½
ȳ뵽ĵؿУôӦḡΪȴ
ĵؿҪᡣûзκ¸ļˣκ 
ŷǴ½͡ɡ½һ𣬹һһĴ½
½ΪϹ½PangeaΪ½Լ22500 
ǰҲʼ塣
κɵƯ⵽Ⱥ֮ѧΪ޴½鲻
ŵķ˶һֱ1950 ŵõ

ΪʱѧǷдеĵؿ뿪·ֵмԽԶ 
ԽϡΪЩмǵؿǵıشۻ
ʯðЩڵʱӵѷ
ĽѷĺƿͬʱҲʹ½֮ľ
ˡµɺ˹Harry HHess͵ϴģRobert S . Dietz 
ͬʱΪ˵Sea floor spreading֧κ
ɵĴ½Ư˵죬½˶֮һõձϵʵ
½˴˷Լŵ˶ео
ѧһȫµķ֧ĳ֣µķ֧ѧƱΪ鹹졣
ڣ½ƯѾΪһձܵĸڰע
Ưƹ̳ǰĴ½иԭѧΪд½
һ𣬹һҪ½飬ΪϹ½ȻһЩѧΪ 
Ҫ½飺ǹ½Laurasia͸ɹ½ǹ½
ɱ½ŷǴ½ɵģɹ½ɷ޴½޴½
½ӡȺ޴½ɵģ½֮һխĺֿ
ѧԭʼ½ĽʱԼ½ƯƵ·ϣһµġ
һԭʼ½һ۵ѧͨΪԼ
ǰ Ҳڡڴ֮ǰ Ϲ½һ
PanthalassaƣǺŷǴ½֮䱻һСˮֿ
Сˮ屻Ϊ˹Tethys̫ƽ͵кЩˮ
Ĳࡣļصŷ޵Ķͱ޵뱱
ӣ޵޵ĶĴǡӡȺϼ
ϲӡ
ž޴ĶѹϵͳķϹ½ʼ壬
ѹϵͳƽУλڳԱһ㡣ѹϵͳҿ
˴ӡչĻѹϵͳȻŲм
ͺɫɰغҼв㡣
ԼĩкͼձȺʼγɡʱһ޴
ϵͳѷޡϼ½ӡȺͰĴǷֿ٪޼ʱڣ 
չʱ޺ŷǴ½˴˻࿿£ķƯƣ
˹խԼ٪޼ĩһǧǰһ޴
ȿʼ޺ͷ޷ֿȷֿ½ϲȻ
ǸγһխĺڰѼʱڣ
ȫ뿪չϼ½ӡȺͰĴ뿪
һֱƯơΪԼڰѼĩӡϼ½ʼ
޴½5000 СͬʱǸѱ
뿪ѹȼ򱱷չγ˸ĶԵ
ӡ뿪ϼ½ƶԼ4500 ǰպ޴½
ײγϲɽͬʱĴϼ½ʼ򶫱
Ươ4500 ڼ䣬½ƯƵڵλϡ
Դؽеĵоȡ˴йذԺڼ
˶ϡȻ½ȡõϱ
ǰǰͣŰ˶ǣڸ½Է
Լǵ״ڻ̫Ժĸλú

״ԸԭμConvection Currents۶ݡٿҳͼŴ
Ϲ½߽⡱ҳͼƯŵĴ½Լҳͼؿǵƶİ
顱
½Ư
κɵĴ½Ư۱ŵ֤֤ʵؿ󼹣ͼ
Ĵʵߣѿеӿеĵ
ߣ󼹷ֲѹȴܼ
Continental Ice Sheet ½ԭ μClacier ۱
Continental Margin ½Ե ײ֮ǲֺ׻
ν½Ե½ܡ½º½Щɳɷ϶
ǹԵĻ½Եġ½Եкˮ⣬ص
Ǵ½һ֡½ԵڵϺ͵϶ֳڵĸ߳
½ؾйͬԡ½ԵҪľԴеĴ
ܾһҵҵҲҪһش
Ϻܴһʯȡ½ԵԴĿ
Ҳȡýչ
Continental Rise ½ ½ԵԵĲν½һ
ѻٶ൱ĵڴӴ½¡½ƽԭ¶Ⱥܺͻ 
ˣ½ӵǺʶ½¶ƽΪ1150
¶ȿɴ1 50С¶Ϊ1 800Ȼ½εͨͻ 
Ը߲󣬵½кϿȴԼĺɽγ
ֲĸΡ½ɺϸ½ԴﹹɣЩ½Դ
͵½µǰԵġ½ຣ׳
Ӷɡ
Continental Shelf ½ ¶ȺͻǳķΧӺ
쵽¶ȷ仯¶ֻԼ 00071500
½ܵĿȴӼﵽٹԵȴ35 ׵250 סȫ
ƽ½ԵΪ128 ס½ϵεԸ߲һ20 £ 
󲿷ִ½нʯȺͱѻϿ½طķչ
ҲʳŴ½ܡڴ½ܶеľ޴ֵǱڵļֵ
ǶԺоϸĲ֡۾ʹ½ϵĺƷǿԴ
˵ǰмҪľ壬ɣҪԱؽǿ
Continental Slope ½´Ӵ½ܵԵ쵽½޵һ
½½Ե֣¶ƽΪ417䣬С¶Ϊ1 
㣬¶ȳ45㡣½ƽ쵽3600 ׵ȣڴ
½쵽ȿɴ7000 ס½ϵĵε
߲ںϿȴɳ1000 סĴ½ϣϿȶǺ
ձġڴ½ϵ¶Ⱥܴ󣬼ûʲôѻ
Contour Lineand Contour Intervalȸߣȸ߼ࣩ һ
棨ͨƽƽ棩֮ϵرͬ߶ȵĸߣһ
һͼϡ3 ׵ȸζŵ뺣ƽ֮3 ׵ˮƽ
ߣմơȸ߼ڵȸ֮ĸ̲߳
ͼСڵθ߲ĩȸ߼ʹͼߴ 
θ߲Сĩȸ߼С

ȸͼضȸ߼Ƶĵȸ߼ͼ߷ӳŵرĸ
ȡ̬͹ģرĵطȸ߾ܼƽ̹ȸ߾ϡ
衣ͼڹרҡʦѧҡԱ˺
ر򽻵ԱرáʵѾ˼ǧص
ȸͼȸ߼1 100 Ӣ߲ȣμTopog-raphy۵ѧ 

Convection Current  һڽ͵ؿڲ
Լν½ƯĸơĳЩѧ˶
͵ؿǱΣֱʮռ㹻ϣ 
ʹöѧҾƺǺġνᣵĵ
ݶȵĽ¶ȱ仯ϵнµнȣ˽
ȵرڽӽرЩȵתˮƽ򣬲ƽ
еرֱǳȴֿʼ³˶
ڲ˶Щ״ʹСǲһ
ģҿԸıٶȣֹͣı򡣿ѧһ
Ϊӿµɽϵмһ£ 
²һ¡˶ڽʹм
Լؿ±˶½ĳЩѺ
һЩײ
Convective Circulation   ΪպϵĻʽһ
йɵ˶ͨڻĲλ˶뿪Դڻ
Ե˶ȲԼʹ
ܶϲ˲˶γɵġڵͽ
ĿȴŵϵĲ죬Լȵڵ
͸߿γɷȫ෴ѹСΧĿ˶˵
ɵǺᴩѹߣӸѹһֱѹȻǴģ
˶ʼķǴѹߣڵתĿ 
ʹķƫתշչΪת磬Ҳǿķѹ
ƽеķ硣ȻĶ˶

ĿȺͲ ﵽϲ㣬
ɢʧ䣬½档 A ѹҪB 
ѹΪ˵ůĵλϵĿҪܶ
ϴĿᡣȻůռݵҪռ
ݵϲּůռǲˣC 
ѹҪD ѹ
ǴԼ˶ʽƶǴп
ʽһ򵥵ĻʽʵҪӵöࡣ
Convergence  ѧϣһͨʾһض
ռڵľ˶Diver- gence۷ɢ
Copper Ȼͭ ȻͭͭԪԷǻ״̬Ϊʽ
ڡһȻȥΪһͭ㷺ɹǣȻͭ
СټֵÿɵĴطͭ򻯿󴲵
ֹȻֻͭһط⣬ǾձϰִݵĿ

뵺ƽа뵺ߣ160 ȻͭΪһͭ󿪲ɡҵ
׷ݵ1850 ǰ75 ͭҪأ
ƵĿֻһǾǲάǵĿ޿ԶԶûп
ôҪμMineral PropertiesۿʣݣNative Elements
ȻԪأ¼4
Coprolite ໯ʯϣħoprosࡱ˼ɻʯķ
ķ㡣ڵ£໯ʯԲΣ״С״㻯ʯ
ࡢԼ鶯Ļʯ໯ʯ̬ⲿ
õйЩĶĽѧϡ໯ʯҲṩйض
Եʳ͵ڵ£໯ʯƺĳЩл֣ 
Щϡ
Coquina ǻ һִĺлʵĻңɱǺ
ƬճһγɵĶ״塣౴ǻγɵʱ൱£
غִǳϵĸ̵ɱǽſ鱻Ϊ
ǻҡ
coral Reef ɺ 콸ɺرɺɺ彨ܵ
ס˵һֽṹˮֻĹ㹻ǿʹý
еȣɺܴڡɺҲֻһ
ܾסʢɺ
ɺ
1.ɺֲڱγ30γ35㣨ƽ¶ȣ֮ů
ȴͳʵߴ20ߣµƽ¶ȣ
ߴ20ߡɺͿɫĵֲڡ
2.ɺĲλӭɺǰࡣһຣб
µϲűǺ͹̬
Ϊ壬Ǻɺһ棬Ϊɺṩƣ
һ棬Ҫ֧֡
ɺܾͨӵȲ60 סˮҪ20棬ɺ
ֲֻڵγȵȻɺɺΪص㣬ǻ༫Ϊ
ֲͶܾɺ֮ϺΧˮȵı仯Ͳ
ĲͬŲͬĴÿһɺͺ̬ˮ
Ļе˶ǿңҲǲ˶ǿҵĵɺʢ
ߣɺٶ죬Ϊ˶ˮкеĿΪˮ
ṩḻʳ鲨Ÿִִɺڱľˮ
ɺ̬Ƚϸ
Coralline Algae ɺ ɺǺ壨Rhodoph- ytaе
һ塣ںеĺͨǺɺġɺԴ
İʽڣ֦״ʽڡܽйõ
һ֣Ϊֲõ̫׵
ⲿ֡
Cordierite ʯ ʯһþĹοƬ
ҺƬΪڣڸʯıöγɵġʯ
ʯӢƣʺʯӢǣʯкǿĶɫԣ 
һ۲ɫģ˴ֱһ۲ɫġˣг

ʯʱΪɫʯμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Core غ Ĳ֡غɣ1һԼ1700 
ⲿҺˣ2һ뾶1216 Ĺںˣ΢Щ 
3ΧƹںһԼ500 ڹɴѧǻ
һڵغˣֱǲŻùһڵغ˵ǿ
֤ݡλɴݱȸһֻ̨ܹ
ڵغ˷صرĵڷĵ𲨡
غ˻ڱķжصص㡣ѧţغҺ岿ֵ
˶ǲųԭ򡣵غųֻзǳ
ʶǿ԰ΪԼΪڵغеҪ
н͹裬ܶȴˮ13 ͼڲ
桱
Coriolis Effect ЧӦ ʮͳڷѧҼ˹
¡˹򡤿ЧӦЧӦ
ת˶ʱ˶ƫбӹ۲ߵĽǶȿڵ
ŵκ壬ڱƫϰƫس˶
壬޿ЧӦɳϻЧӦǿ
Ȼ˵ڵ˶κ嶼ã
ԵǷɻ򵼵ķ·ЧӦҲãԴ
󣬶ˮرǶԴϵͳ
Corrasion ʴ ˽ʶԻҺӵеĻеĥаˮ
пײˢĥʴˮԻҵļʴѹЧ
ӦʴȸַʽʴĽʹʯƽҲŪ
ӿݣ۲ֺۣѨ
Correlation Ա ȷɲʯȺ˳ϵȷ
ͬһʱγĹ̡ҲĶԱȣҪȷ
Ҳеڵʱлʯͬĵز㡣ڶ
ʱزԱͨǱҪġȻڳһ
طһطͨԱȷɢ¶ͷͿ԰ѷӳ¼
Ҳۺϡжϲ㡢ϻҵزصĴڣ
ʹԱȹӻ
ڵر¶ͷûжϵĵز׽жԱȵġ
ƵʯԼһռͬλõĽ죬ڽжԱʱ
Ϊ׼㡣лʯڵĻڶԱȱ˴Զ¶ͷ
õġָʾʯڵʷϴڵʱ϶̡ڵʱڵ
й㷺ֲڶԱرáزѧԪͼϴ
ĳЩݻ׶ҲлѧԱȡΪѰҿʯ
ͣûг¶ĵҲжԱȡ
Ա
ͬĵزͨʯṹͻʯ͵Խʱ
ȡB.C.D.ʯҲ㱻Ҹǣγ˿ԶԱȵĵزС
B C УҲһ㺬ʯҳҲ㣬ҳҲA Ҳ
ڣA D ʹûйͬҲ㣬ҲɽжԱȡԱͨ꾮
ȡõƷʯ걾õⶨıڵµҲĵ

ѧͷԵʽжԱеġ
Corrosion ʴ ܺˮĻѧĥںʯҵ
ܽʯֵֹ̱Ϊԡͨʴ
ߴءʴһҪʴӪȫÿ걻ʴʣ 
39 ڶ֡Ĵǵʴ̺ŷ޸ӵʴ硣򡢵
ʽṹεòֲʱ䣬ǾʴСҪء
ͬ£ˮԵرˮıԽߣˮлѧֵŨҲ
Խߡ
Ϊ͸ʯãܸؽӴңӶи
ʱʴϵʴȻϵ٣Ϊϵˮû
ֲٽˮʴ󣨱ˮڼ䣩ˮ
лѧֵŨȾ͵͡СĺĻѧֿԷӳҵĳɷ֣ 
Ҹвͬ󣬻ҳɷֱ仯࣬ӵĻѧɷ־
ࡣμKarst Topographyܵò
Corundum  һʯĸкܸߵļ
챦ʯͺʯĸ̡ʯʯһС
ͨнϴĴطֹΪĥɵġ
ĪӲ9ˣΪ׼ĥмͣļߵӲ
ʹΪʯļֵˣʹ꣬Ȼıɫ
ľܳȻϰб仯ǳֵģ
ʾԳƣǳ״汻гɰ״߱
ͬǵ˫׶ΧγͰ״ĸɫģǣ
Ĳʶɫԭĸɫɫۺɫɫ
ʯ͸жֶɫ˺ɫĺ챦ʯɫĺ
ʯ⣬ɫɫɫɫġ
ЩʯĸĸɫֿԺϸС״Ľʯ
ϵ򣬻Ϊ60㡣״ʯľ屻ĥԲʯ󣬾ͳ
ǲԣڶԹɢγ״ͼ磬
ʺ챦ʯǲʺʯ
ںƳʯĻңʯУԭ֣
ҲǸʯʵĽγɵģ磬γɵġ
ĺܺõĺ챦ʯʯؽᾧʱɼӵγɵģʯУ 
Լϸķ绯жҵ챦ʯˣĻѧǶԵģ 
иߵı4.0ɰи˹ĺʯ
ͺ챦ʯԳ󴲡
ڵ¯ڣʹᾧģ˹˹
˹̼ѱȻĥϡɫĺ챦
ʯͺʯۣȴγĵ
Щ޴覵ҪȻʯǺѵġμMineral Properties
ۿʣ
Cosmic Sediment  ͨصĳ
Ե΢Щ΢Ϊ΢СĽʵĻε
СֱԼΪ1 ΢׵0.5 סЩ΢ǽʵʯڽ
ɡں׳лҺͻʯɵСʯ

ʯChondritesݹƣÿмǧ
֡
Cosmogony  ̫ϵǵԴĿѧ˵Լ
񻰴˵μEa-rthOrigin of۵Դ
Couleeٸɺӵ һַڶĺӵǸɵģҲˮ
ϲarroyoɺӣdry gullyɳ幵ͬʡ
ϲָɺӵΪűˮṩȥ·ʢݵĴ
ȣGrand CouleeɹȣDry Couleeһӡ
Country Rock Χ Χ󴲻Ҫ壻Լ
ΧΧҡ
Covalent Bond ۼ μBond Chemicalۻѧ
Covellite ͭ ͭһͭ︻
ͭﹲͭ󣬻ͭͰͭͭǱ仯
ģͭ״ӡɫԼμMi neral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Crater ɽ ɽԲλԲΡ©Ρλΰء
ֱͨС1.5 мףײһףлɽ
塢Һ塢ɽΧһºͻɽ
ڷֿ±ͨҡɽмɶ߹ͬɡɽͻɽ
ɻɽڻɽΧѻǽγɵġ
ɽ
³ɽ©ΰأǴӻɽ
塢Һ͹γɵġ
ǽ񣬻ɽ׶ͻɽھγˡɽ׶ͻɽ
һֶѻΡ緢Ժ󣬻ɽڵĵײֱºͻɽܵһ֣ 
ŲϵطɽڵĻ£ɽڲϵر֡һ
ĺʹĻɽֳһµĻɽڣô»ɽڵķչ
һ»ɽ׶˸ɽھͳ֮Ϊʽɽ׶ʽɽڡ
κܸߵĻɽձлںں伾ڻںԲᣬ˵
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Cyclothem ز һгһϵг㣬
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Cystoid բټƤźոٵԭָмƤԭ
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ҪǼܣɴвĸʰ幹ɡЩʰۺ
죬ǷڻõġԶ̾ںסں
֮䣬԰ռͺ־ʱΪʢ 
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Ӣһֵɫʯ
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ݶȵĴСʵ͸ܳȡֹϵзʽʾVK 
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ʷеһоƻһоһƵĴս
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Deep-sea Research VehicleDRVо ר
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ӰμDeep-submergence Rescue VehicleӪ
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ڽоУҲʹװáΪװúСô
ͷɻѸ˵κһطμDeep-sea Research Vehicle
о
Deflation ʴʴ ɷɵʵƶڸ
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ףɴʴγɵġֲϡٵɳϴʴɳɳ𶥲
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ڸʱڣʴҲһҪ̣һʱڣ
ѿϸʴӹȱӺͱˮƽԭߣγ˴
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ʶƶʱdenudationʴͬʣ 
ʴֻΪʴ̣active erosion processesʴѺ
½ƽʴ޷ΪֹʴĹģȡںˮ
ԼʯʡеķǼӻaggrada-tion
Delta ޵ͺˮʱγɵĳ
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б¡ϸʳýԶΪ׻㡣ЩϵǶ㡣
2.γɵĸ׶ǣa һעеĺЯ
ʶγһӲۣb ĵľɺӵc ڷļ
ɷ״
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ˣõ໥ϵ޴ʹΣΣ 
ϣĵĸ޺ӵǱ׼̬Ĵ
ǵ͵ĹޡڳӿڣôӣխĲ۱
γɵ޶ǺӿޡһЮŴϸʣ 
ҪĲЩҪûеĲ
ЩҪӵγָ״ƽ̬γ״ޡ
ȺӵɳҪճһɳޡڵĴ
޶൱ģںƽȶԺʼġ
Dendrite ģʯģʯָһֲַ״ͼһĿ
һıϽᾧγɵġԳϸʯѷУ
̯ƽ˵֦봰ϵıƣֲֿĲк
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Density ָܶܶһʵ̶ܳȣλͨ

ÿ׿ʱ򣬱ܶʣ
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֮ѹߣܶҲߡ
Density Current ܶ ںѧУ֮ܶȲ
ĺˮ֮Ϊܶκˮ嶼ضܶȣˮܶȼ
¶ȡζȺеɰı仯Ӱ졣ˮʱ 
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ܶ͵Ӿζȸܶȴĵкĺˮֱ
Ͽ뵽ζȽСؽĴк³γٹﳤ״ˮ
һ͵ܶŵɰɵġе
϶ܶйء
ܶ
ÿдˮִӵкʹ亣ˮϴнϸߵ
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γܶ
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ȡʳ޼׵ЩмģҲǳӵģ
嶯桢ΡѨӵrЩ޼׵ȡʳ
ڳелʺмĳЩ󻷾еļгﶼ
ЩԹСʽй
Depression  ɽУһ͵㣬
һ㷢֦زۣԽزEmbaymentУһΧ
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ڴ󲿷ֵﶼлĮڡ
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ޱϲԼ޵ϰĮֲϼ

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Diamond ʯꡢʯ ʯȻ̼Ԫأͨ

ΪصıʯΪʡһ
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ڻѧɷϣʯǴ̼ʯīһģʯīƬ״ĺ
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Diastrophism ؿ˶ дĵؿ˶ɽ

ԼγҪõ˶
Diatom  һ΢СĵϸˮֲоɵĹǰ
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ɫԣ
Differential Thermal Analysis ȷ ȷһֲⶨ
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15 ҡ
Dimorph ͬ˫ ͬ˫ǽᾧѧеһָһѧԪ
򻯺ֲͬĽṹͬ˫οнʯʯī 
߶̼Ͱ߶μPolymorphͬʶ

Dinosaur  μFossil ReptileжﻯʯݣJurassic 
Period٪޼ͣݣTriassic Periodͣ
Diopside ͸ʯ ͸ʯǻʯһֿþĹΣ͸
ʯһָΣγһȫĹϵСɫɫ
ɫɫĺӡ͸ʯһֽӴʵĿڽᾧ
ҺͰдڡμMineralPropertiesۿʣ
Diorite  һҪбʯ³ʯгʯͨ

ʯͺĸɵĴҡͨ㹻İɫʯʰɫ
ңͨΪȽСĻ壨꣩򱡰״
ǽ
Dip  κβ״״Ŀռ䷽λһˮƽ
ļнȷġһ뱻ഹֱֱϲ
ǣνǡڲֱκֱ
õĽСǣǱΪǡ

ʱõббΪǡ¶ͷĲˮƽ
ڱͼҲϱ40㡣
Dip Joint  ƽƽ湹һ
Discharge  ӲµˮΪ㵥λùˮ
ƽ֮ʽ 
QAV 
Q ףA Ǻӵˮλ
ƽףV ƽ٣ף
Discharge Rating Curve ʶߣˮλϵߣ 
ӴߡںӰĳȣȺ٣ܵó
СֵQAVԺ󣬰ˮĹϵͼ
ϡʾκϵֻҪӵȶȺ
ȶûб仯߾׼ȷúܡμDischarge
ʶ
ˮʱˮλˮλƼ¼bⶨں
ϽУҪⶨ١һֲⶨѡ㣬Ϸ
ǡЩõݱɵóʶߣb 
ˮλ߶ֱá
Discontinuity  һָʻ̵ͻȻı䡣
ѧҽһڵڲһЩЩڣͨ
´ʱٶȻᷢͻȻı䡣
оڴڳ̵ĵѧ˵ϱʾ
ֹͣ򣩷ʴʱڣӶڳ¼вһϡ
ѧУʾʯ͵ͻȻı䣬ɶϲûɽ
ָı䡣μConr-ad Discontinuityۿ¼ݣMohorovicic 
Discontinuity Īά
Discordant  ҽΧҵԭ
״֮ϵһйΧҵ״죬һγ
ǽ׶״ϯһꡣ
Dislocation λ ʯѹöѡεĹ̡
Dispersion ɫɢ ɫɢǾѧָɫΪӦɫ
⡣ҲָѧʣرⲨȱ仯仯
Distributary  μDeltaޣ
Divergence ɢ ѧϣָһľ
ĿˮƽзɢʱҪд
Ŀв䡣Ŀ˶ͻᵼ¿

˶ΪĿѹǱȽСġ
ɢ
1.һſ³aӽʱˮƽŻзɢb
ת˶ɢĿɷc Ϊ˳ʱ뷽
Ϊʱ뷽򣩡
2.һ˶Ŀaײ˶b
ʱcΪʱ뷽ϰΪ˳ʱ뷽򣩡
͵ѹصڽ洦Ϊ룻־뵼
¿˶Ϊڸ߿մſ⾻˶ô 
ͻȥһչڼ䣬ķɢҪ
Ŀ롣صǷŵӸѹⴵ
ѹڷչ֮УڷĿҪĿ
ɢ
ͷķչԼ˶ķɢ˶йϵ
ڴееȹģʹģ˶ϵͳУķͨ
Եļǿ෴ķɢжԵļͷжļ
ǿķɢ˶̶֮Ĺϵһת赸Ա
תٶȵķʽơ赸Աֱۣķϣת
Ⱦͱ죻ֱʱķɢתٶȾͼ
Divide ˮ ͬ˴˼Ľޡˮһˮһ
һϵͳСˮһˮһ
һϵˮһ㶼ΪɽϸߵĵԼˮֿĸ
߲Ҳ⣩Ϯʹˮƶλá½
ˮīʹ̫ƽķˮ硣
Dodecahedron ʮ ʮ12 ɵĵᾧϵ
һֵΣڼѧʮ壬ÿ涼һΡ
ʮ壬ͨΪ壬ÿΡ
ʮ
ʮĵ12 棬ᾧΪᾧϵĿ
ͨһΡ
Doldrums ޷ λڱγ5γ5֮ĳѹ
ۡ޷ǰΪﲻǿȶѹ
ݶȣԵ·γɵѹ仯ˣһ²ûʢ
зϵͳʱռ֮һȻҲҵĿ硣
Dolomite ʯ ʯһָþ̼οȻþ
ĺԱ仯ɷֳеضӦŷʽCaMgCO32
徧֣ľЩֵĹ 
ʯɫзۺɫɫҲɫģɫ
ġɫĻɫġȻʯᾧ徧壬ԳԱȷʯҪ 
Ƶڿ״ʱ˴Ҳơˣ
ǿԺģʯϡᷴӦðݡ
Dolomite һֳҵƣġ
ǷֿʯͬĻѧɷݡһֳңͬɷݵı
ǰʯҡҴܴ󣬷ֲܹ㣬ϺܶطУ

İ˹İҡұΪʯиһ뱻
þγɵġ
泣ȫʯǷʯͰʯĻ
ǦпаʯʿԷֱľ֣Ϊһʯͷ
ʯؾʯөʯμMineral Propertiesۿʣ¼4
Dome  һ޹Ĺ죬ֹĲ״Ҫ
ش¡Ķбһ鵹ŵ롣ԲεĻԲ
εģɴＸƽϡǵؿһɵģ 
ɽǷࡣγɣӵؿ
ΪıرΧСһϸؿʹ֮Ϊһ
ԾõѧҺҪΪǺǺΣγȦգ
ɴСīذī֮¡ݡ̫
طжض
ҲҽעؿҲ֮γɡҽʹϸؿ
ֻɽҽճúԶһ
޷ΧھۼγɵġѹʹؿʱҲһԲ
ͨббμCumulo-Dome ۶ѻɽFold 
ݡ
Double Refraction  Ƿǵᾧϵ͸һ
ʡԭĹ߷ֽΪ໥ֱƫߡߣԲͬ
ٶ͸壬һϣ˾彫ʣÿһ
Ӧġ

͸ķʯ齫͸ֽΪߣַӰʾ
䡣
Drainage Basinor Watershed ĳһ֧
ڵĽˮȡɣйԷˮӼ
ֱӻͨЩͨ󣬳Ϊ½
ԺΪйβ̡

1.ȺӼ֧γһӴ
2.;䷢صʯʡ֦״ˮϵaƽ̹
ĵ棻״ˮϵbڳұԵشγɵƽд״ȵأƽ
ˮϵc ذƽԭбĸԭ״ˮϵd
ĵܵƸߵĵ֣ˮϵe
ĵˮϵfʯĽϲӰγɡ
Drainage Density ܶ и̶ȵĳ߶ȡ˵
ռֲʾںܳıʡܶȡ
״ȻӰֲʯ
ĿʴܺˮεòԾͺĵرʴ
Ҳйϵһۣɰҵĺܶȱҳҵܶϡ
裨ÿƽкӵ34 õڴֽṹ
ǸԭһʴҲΪĵеȺܶȣÿƽ
кӵ816 ิӵжߺܶȣÿƽ

кӵ30100 ΪɺʯСϸṹĺ
ܶȣÿƽںӵ200 ӵأbadlandֺ
ơ
Drainage Patterns ˮϵ ȫ֧ļ
ʽҲںֲĿռˮϵ֦֡״ˮϵ
״еķ֧ңûرԵͳһ
ˮƽϵĺˮϵ͡ƽˮϵͣParallel drainage 
patternɶ˳Ե棬³ͬһĺɡغƽ
ԭбĸԭˮϵ͡״ˮϵͣtrellised pattern
Ϧвһбʽֵȶ
˳չͬʴʯһ¡֧Ƚ϶̣ȳֱ
νӡˮϵͳڱЩطڱ
أŦԼĹ䴩С״ˮϵ
trellised drainageںΧԲʯʴĵ
ݵĲ꣨Black HillsӢõThe 
Weald໷״ˮϵγɵġܽϵͳϲƵĵط 
һֳˮϵrectangular drainage׶ҹ԰Zion 
National Parkӡ״ˮϵradial drainageǺһ
ͬ졣Բɽձĸʿɽĵð
ɡǻɽϵĺɽµԼ£ˮϵġ
ĵĵطγˮϵcentripetal drainageˮϵ
֣Ҳǵر¶áڴĹأɽںƻɽڣ 
ɺͰɺأˮĻۣҲΪˮ
ϵ
Dredge  ںѧоӴײȡһܴ
еͨڴĺ档һӵ״ӱɵġ
Ӵײɼʯ̽ˡ׽ˣܰһ
коеУõһ֡
Dreikanter ʯʯ μVentifaet۷ʯ
Drift Bottle ƿ ڲһƿװ
һſƬͶźеλǾⶨġƿ۱˭֣ҪѿƬ
Ļأдƿӵںλáֵƿӱʾڵͼϣ
ȷܵ١ҲƵƯƬ
ƿ
ΪоƯĸƿװһſƬԹ
дֵʱλá
Drip stone ʯ μStalactiteʯ
Drogue ê ںѧоУˮ˶ٶȺͷһ
װáһֳˮź˶װáêͨʮּܡ
ɡܲװɡһϸ˿Ѹêˮ
ϵĸڸװӡơ״ﷴߵ緢 
Թ׷ٺ͹۲⡣
ê
һɡ뵽һ֪ȣڽɡʹͺ

ͬٶ˶׷ٺ˶
Drowned Valley  ˮûĺӹȵĽϵһˡ
½³߼֮γɵġ
ƤȵӣӹȺ˹ɺӹȵĽϵ͵һ˶³
ġӢ̩ʿӹȺͲ˹

һغĺӹϵͳaھؿ³Ժûb
ӵԼ޵ҲǳӹȡӿǱûĺ
ȣǵˮˮлϡ
Drumlin  ɱγɵһƽϸε𡣹
ɱɵġ᷽ƶķһ£ĳǶ
ϡɸߴ60 ף1.5 ϡһ˴˷뵥
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˹ǡִ˹ᡢȵأԼʮٸ
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ΧŵľͱΪأ磬ʯӢء
Duboys Equation ϲ߹ʽ ϴӵɢĦļ㹫
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ɷ紵ɵɳգɳɽɳɳԴ԰ɳӵǿԼ
ʹǳĵطɳڹ򰶷ɳʺ̲Ե½ 
ڸɼʱ¶ĺɳʺӴԼڻĮɰұ
ʯֽܲɳӵĵطձ鶼γɳɳС߸߶ֻ
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ΪɳӴһ߱һߡɳƶÿͨ30 
סɳûɭ֣ݣ䣬ɳƶĻ
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ɳŷذݵݵĴذڵ
˹ݡݡոݺͻʢذذɳֲ
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ΪĻʯ͸ڱɡϿɺǵ
ҾҪ壬Ϊҵϵĸǰ
ɽдȺʯĵǣDunɽġ

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EarthOrigin of Դ Ϊ˽̫ϵǵ
ԴѾѧ˵Ȼûһõ֤ʵ
ĴķЩ˵ٶھ40 50 ֮
䣬ԭȴڵ·䡣ݹ۲ʵѾ
ۡ˵ԴУֻ漰̫ڶ˵
ٶ̫ϵһżȻ໥òġһּ˵
һ㶼ٶһź̫ͨ˵Ҳ˵
˵˫˵
͵ԴĿѧ1755 ¹ѧŦ
ġ1796 귨ѧƤ˹ڲ֪µڹ
£Ƶطչּ˵øΪѧ۽
˵ƶ̫ϵԴһռתľ޴š
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Ƶⲿתô죬ʹ廷
ЩŨγǣΪ̫һ˵
Ҫ̫ת̫⣬廷ڿռɢ
ռУŨΪǡ
Ӽ˵1900 ѧF. R. Īٺ͵ѧT. C. Ǯ
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һֵĺ̫ͨʩ˷ǳ̫һ
̫ʡʺȴΪӵĹ
һķŻ̫תЩΪ
ӣͨڵĴСλγǵ
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ѧΪһźô߹̫Ƿǳܵģʹ
ġСܹ㹻ĺʹ̫ܶ
λȥ˵Ҳ˻ɡ෴Щʻ̫
ȥ
ԴѧѾ»ص̫Դ볾ɵ
˼·ڵۼ̫ϰԣִķ
̫ϵĻѧɷرעءѧѾǵϵĸ
֮ơҪǣЩγɺǡ
תγûǵĵǣתƷΪ
ǿΪĲ֡ЩƵƬγ˫
ǡЩ۲쵼˳Ƽ˵ԭǼ˵һ˵
¹ѧҿκģѧҽ¡
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γһ壬ԭ̫ǵ̫ݻġ
ĳƱƽγɻγɵĺǵı״壬״ת
״ƵγɡȻÿ
ΧʣԭǡΪ9 ԭǣǸڵ

ŴǶӦγˣԭγɵǴöࡣĳЩ
ڲĽСγǵǵС״
塣ѧҶ֧ۣΪԶĹ۲Ѿʾ˺
֮ơͬҪʵǣЩĴ
γµĺǡԭǼ˵ΪԴѧձܣΪ
̫ϵ֪ʵˣ˵Զʮȫʮ̫ϵ
Դƶϡ
Earthquake  ڵڲ𽥻ӦͻȻͷ
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ڡ֪ĵشʯȦ޴Ļı߽һ¡
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ԴС70 ĵΪǳԴǳԴеڶУ
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ذ߽ʣĸ͵ǳԴ
ͬʱ໥ײͬʱ˶ЩԴԴֻ
һһײȥĵط
ڼ֪ʥ˹ϲ㣬ǳԴ
һЩǴƻԵЩɱ˴˲们͵ؿǶ
˶ġһϿ飬ɼǺϼǴ󲿷λ
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1906 ĵʹɽɽ⵽ٻ1911 ꣬Լս˹ѧĹ
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һδλơС˶ĵǿȾͺСʹƲʧҲ
ΪСEarthquake Prediction۵Ԥ

ѹ෴ƼؿʱؿǾS Ρݵ
ѧ˵ϻڱʯУֱʯͻȻ۶ϣֱ
Ķϲ£ͷųԵʽؿǡ
EarthquakeMeasurement of  ͷŵ

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ڶ߶Ⱦǵ𼶻ϣس߶ȡǸݵǼ¼ĵ
Դͷŵȷġˣϣس߶ȶԵ
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ǿĵϣس߶ȱ϶Ϊ8.4 
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СλõĸּѸٷչļԵǰ¼
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ѼʯУԼ1.1 ǰп㼣ĴʯҰ屻
˵ȫĲУΪ־޴ж֤ݡ
޼׵ҲٺۡɰҺʯҳıԿ
ǵټ޼׵ٺۼм򵥵ټҲзĶѨ
ЩٺṩйЩĻʽ֤ݡѨǶΪ
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Բ״ĿѨϸʳͿܵԱöѨ
ĶżҲڳеĳҵĺף桢
֫嶯ԼﶼѨĳЩ嶯䴬桪 
һľĸʯۣLitho- domusһʯĸǵĶѨ
ʯ׻ʯҲܱ֪֡ϵĻʯ֮Уй״
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ֵġ΢ﻯʯ֮ҪɴĳЩ͵زĳЩؼ
п׳һһߡ΢ﻯʯ..
桢ӺͻۣҲȷĵҲ㡣
ȻֲﻯʯָʾʮãڵزԱȾͲܿɿֲ
ﻯʯṩйʱֲݻϡμҳͼ桰
ʯ¼͡ݻ
Fossil Ampbibian ܶﻯʯ ܶﻯʯǼ
ĿĶĲ塣ܶǼ׵ȵĶ
ڰܡܺ󢡣ЩѪҪͨνк
½϶ȹĴ󲿷ʱ䡣䷢ڽ׶Σڣ

ˮ
ܶȻݻͣڱϦǼ
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ϱ仯ǳ󣬲Ļʯ¼ܶΪ
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ΣʱΪ3.4 ǰ͡
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໯ʯȻ֡ϵĻʯڵ¹٪޼ʯ¶ͷзֵģ
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Ѽ͵٪޼͸ḻػͷ֫ǵĽṹ 
ܶȻѼ͵ػҲ൱ɹ۵֤ݡЩͣ
гHesperornisСõĳ򣬳кܶ򢡢׳
ߵ㡢Լ1 ףЩִLoonӾǱˮ
һְѼ͵񣬱гСзܺõĳ򡣴ź
Ÿϰԡڿ˹İѼʯѼѰ
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ִȻΪʯԽϡ
٣϶ڵʱǷḻġѼأӥèͷӥѻ졢
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ǽӽġһ⣬һ죬1.5 ׸ߣ
ڽκһ졣͵ĲɵĻкܴ塣֮һֵ
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һͷ֪վ33.6 ףֱԼ
30 סЩʷʱڻΪȻġ
Fossil Fish 㻯ʯ 㻯ʯǱļٵĻʯ
֪㻯ʯڰռʯзֵģƺϵļ׵ԭʼ
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΢߼ĶƤࣨPlacodermsҲм׵ģһ򦡣е
ڼࣨArthrodiresмסǿнڵĲӣ 
9 סڼ־ͣʹƵλڶ͡

㡢ܵ㵽Ͳų֡ʱЩ
һֱͺܶࡣǵͬһʱڣࡢԡ
㡢㡣зչ߼ġҲḻġ
һڲĶܣܺõ򦡢;ĸ
ĵƬࡣֱȽԭʼȺ
ǳ࣬Ϊ÷κȡǰΪֲѰ
ڰѼĩԼ7000 ǰˡ1938 ꣬ϷǶϺ
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Fossil Fuel ʯȼ ɹŴֲͶγɵȼϡ
ȼ̼⻯ʽ̫ܡһڿΪȼ
ϵ̼⻯ĳʯ͡Ȼúʯȼṩ
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ﱻͻ߱ʯͻѧҵƳֹҵƷμEnergy 
ResourcesԴݣ
Fossil Guide ָʾʯ Guide Fossilָʾʯ
Fossil Mammal 鶯ﻯʯ Ų鶯ٻʯ鶯
٪޼ͳ֡ȻɺͲ鶯ж
ĿݻġȻ鶯ǳϡ٣ķǳ
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ڲӦ仯ŵĻЩϡŹֵ඼ˡ
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ࣨMultituberculatesһ൱СġƺģЩ
ݶһʳݲ鶯٪޼ͣŴܶ࣬ 
ʼ֮һЩĳ̶ֳϸػ
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п̵ͷȣҲࡣִ̡ȡ
󺵵̡һ޴ԼͬһʱҲչˣȡ
һֳ׵Ĳ鶯ܵ󺣹һĿǡеĸϴ
ߴ1 ף4.5 ףֶصβͱһϵйǻţе

βĩݻһǵġï̵ܴİӡ
ֵʳⲸ鶯ʳĿڹ֮ʳ
Слô󣬴ôЩʳ⶯צܼ񣬽
ĺܺãǵݲûִʳ⶯ػǵԽС
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Smi LodonһȮCanis dirusֱֶè
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ڵ͵Ĳ鶯УࣨUintatheresֽ
DinocertaޣUintatheriumԶ۽ǣж̽ 
2 ףСһ󡣺ԺСӱֶȵʱ
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ĳࣨProboscideansڷ޵ʼҲз
֣ԼִСһ󣬵дͷͽ϶̵ݡදݻ
Ϊ͵ݼͷṹı仯ӳ档
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⣬ͷǱִ󳤣Ҳⳤеĳ2.7 סڱ
ֵ͵жëֶһֱ浽
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ԭΪïܺɫë
දදÿһ֫һúܴ
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Ƕֶ˺ܺõ˽⡣ЩѰĶҲڹŴѨеһ
֣Ϊоֶṩ˴ϡ
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У֫徭൱̶ȵػԽԽ󡣺ܶ
гȣʹԵ֦ϵҶľ޴ż㶯 
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鳤ĿPrimatives߼Ĳ鶯Lemurs
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Fossil Man˻ʯ
Fossil Man ˻ʯ ִͬһȺĳԱĻʯһ
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Ǵ½νɴ½ʯкʯҶѨĳС鳤ĿǸ߶Ƚ
һȺ۾ԳԳˡˣϺԳ 
ࣨAnthropoideaAn- thropos Ϊϣ֣˼ټϺ
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Գ֮ԣԳΪˣHominoidơһ
ְԳֿΪ˿ƣHominidaethe hominids
ֳ
ɭֹԳDryopithecusΪProco- nsulһ
ԳĻʯĳзֵġͨŷ
ѼĻʯ˽ΪԳݻ˴
ɡɺɣҲݻ֪ԳˡɭֹԳΪ
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ֵݺצӵƬʶɭֹԳĴڡɭֹԳĻʯ
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ĶһԳˣϷԳAustra-lopithecus
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AustralopithecusboiseiǰΪZinjanthropus boisei
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ֱԳھ200500 ǰԼи
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й㷺ֲ
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1891 צ۵Trili޺Ӱ״ηֵġצ˱Ϊ
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Գ˿ͬʳߣΪ󲿷ͷǹǵĻѱԱܴȡ
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PterosaursʱֳΪǳĳ
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԰зһ޴гжݲչ15.5 
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Ŀǰж֪Ļ١аCotylosaurs
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ѽֻӦ½ˣڱϦǼͣʯ̿ͣͶ
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һȺеڱиߵΪ־දﻯʯ
ڶҲС
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Ȼͺܷḻڸüĩˡ޿ࣨTherapsids
ڲһжѾܺܺõӦ½档
Ȼ޿жĻʯܶ࣬оṩ˴йز
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Geology ѧ ڵԴɷ֡ṹʷԼϵ
ܾһſѧԴϣ geo򣩼logos
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ĥʴʧ»вͻӴʱ۲ŲӳʯӢ
绯ٶȺʯϵıۣɴںܳʱ䣻绯
ʯϵıۣʹǳԣҲ25 Ҿȫʧˡ
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⣬һʮβۣڵĲ۱Ĳ۴
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ݶȽϸߣǸҪԭڻѩӣһЩ
ȶĽʹڵ㽵ͲײڻˮĤ
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ֱġڱãҹȵصĺΪU Ρʴȵձص
ԻΪ׵أпкʴȵһձصǴ
Ž״̬ʹȵسֲԡ֧ɽ챻ˣ
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ȵһر־ٲߵĺ˾̾һЩٲ
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вӡӺͺӳγɵ̰ˮγĺ
ɽе·˹͹԰еʥʴȵĵײͲ
²ĻҵصͨΪĥľв۵İ͹ƽ棬
ԺˮʴƻܱȵΪȱӳĹ
һƽ̹ġʴȵ϶ͨʼһ򼸸¶һV 
εĺӳɹӡԼɫغӹȣYo-semite Valley
ʴȣز׺ӹȣLautebrunnen Valleyʿ֪ıʴ
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ľ½òľȻͬɽγʴò 
бʴȡȡɽ졢ͽǷ壻γɳòбӡȱ
Ӻͱ׵ء½õĵй𡢱ˮ
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ŷӢҲáʮҶ֤
ҲΪǡһЩʱԺ󣬱ѧʶ

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ͻƶءעͨռݺӹȣɱеѩԭ
һԭġһЩɽУɽ̰һرԭ 
ͨӹͿɼעڱŲϼ
ޣֱձ顣μͼ
Glaciolacustrine Deposits  еĳ
ҪͣԵϵĺ̲Ҫˮĳ
̲ҪΪǱʾЩԭķΧ̲ĵ

Բ췴ӳγѷĵؿ˶ʣһһ͵һ
̲˵ĳˮڱ½̲緢ո
طҲзֵ֣ע
Χγɵĺ̲ǽĿǰĺ
ĳϸγɵ㡣γɹ£
죬ʢɳҷ۱ˮѸٳף 
ҷȴˮС죬ֹͣ涳ᣬڱûв˺ͼ 
ҷ۳ףļһ档ˣÿһֵ
һϸʡһɲⶨַ
ⶨ˵ٶȡ
һԳһ㣻ʱѺ׳ࡣ
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Glaciology ѧ ǵѧķ֧оȻıѩ
һѧơصооͺӱˣѧ
ѧѧˮѧйϵ
Glaucophane ʯ ʯǽʯеһþο 
һʯʯϵУڱУĳЩط磬 
ǺɽʯƬϵҪɷݡμMine- ral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Glomar Challenger սߺ Ϊִ̽ƻר
Ƶһо̽ƻҿѧʵһо
1968 꿪ʼִСüƻĿȡôӴײĳҲֱ
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Ժ©Լںף©λÿɷֱʺ
ߵɨ̽ϵͳȷܰ·У
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սߺھмѰ̽ȡش
ѧɾ֤ͣʵ˺˵½Ư˵̫ƽ׳
ϣԼ֤īĺ׸Σʾԭ
ҹɵĴײ֮ϵĳкǳḻҪ̵
֤˹ȥˮеһࡣ
Gneiss Ƭ һͨʯӢͳʯɵģĸĴ
ҡʯӢͳʯĸֱʯγɲΪƬ
ʯӢʯĸ⣬ɣָʯĽṹ
ҪָĻѧɷָࡣƬһ㰴ʯḻĳһ
ֿ磬ͨʯƬҽͨƬ
ҡҲɰṹͳʽǽзࡣƬұΪߵ
ȺѹйصʲƬҿԴࣨƬң
ңƬңؽᾧá
ӢŦԼݰʴɽ˹άǴ󲿷ֵ

ӢͰ˹ɽƬңһΪɽĺʯ
ʯƬңرԻƬƵıֱʯϡ
Ҹϲ״ۺɫ˹˻Ҿֽʯϡ
ƬҺʹƬҲͬڻƬҺиʯӢͳ
ʯƬ״ĸ״١ʯĸٷֺͣǿȾ
ĸͨγʯڵ档
Goethite  һֲַܹĿˮ
νҪʡ1806 ȡģΪ˼
GoetheںܶһҪĲǰ˹֡
һй̶ɷݺʵĽᾧʿطҪ
ͺֲ޶̬ǲܵġЩﳣ
һڡᾧܺõƷǺ׼󣬵״
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ΪͺǺ·绯
ͨȻϣǽڵʯȾɻɫɫ
ˮֱӳĳγɷֲܹĲ״󴲡ͨ
γɿ󴲡ǻǽñҪɷݣǻ
֮Ϸ绯γɵĲл֮СμBogIron OreݣMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Gold  ȻҪȻʽֵԪء
ɺϽ𣬴ĽǻƵģıӶ÷סıӵ
20ʱֺϽ
ȻϡԪأȴ㷺ֲȻУڸֵ
ڡ뻨ʻйصĺʯӢҺзֽӡ
ǻڽӽرΪĶԻѧ绯кǿĵ
ǽӾʹзǼȿԱУ
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쵽ɰƵϾ޴ĽԴμ
Mineral Propertiesۿʣ
Gondwanaland ɹ½ ¹ѧAκɣ18801930 ꣩ 
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Gorge ɽϿ խĶڵɽȻͨˮʴ
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ΨһͨһɽϿͨΪڴɽϿк
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ڽϵĺˮɡرǻ
ĵرǨƺͺֻɫĺ/γɡҲ
ͭǦпǨơȻطЩĴγ
ڱḻΧĵرñ ʱñ
ironhatϡеĿĲء
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¶ϲʾضϲֵλƵĴСҲ
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غɽļݡ¹ǵͶǶѹȵĵشϵ
Graded Stream  ;ȲʴҲĺֺ
ӵһƽ״̬ԵԺӵĶͳӶʼձ
һ־档ϣﶼܰɳϵ
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ɳ˳ߣôǾִ˵ 
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仯ӰΡ
Gradient ½ ˮѧУ¶ȵķúӵ棩 
ľ룬ʾ֮һۣ 
½ǽԴͷӿڴ컺¶ȴСĺ
ӵ״ӴڶȺͺӵ͵ȣйϵܴں
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ʴĻңôҪؾͱȵϵ¶Щ
Granite  һҪɳʯʯӢɵĴҡسʯ
ʯ΢бʯҪĿһЩ³ʯʯӢͳʯ
֮⣬Լ10ĸͨʯĸҪĸ 
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Granodioriteۻң
GraniteGraphic 󻨸 μGraphic Gra- nite󻨸
ңݡ
Granitization һ ⣬κǰڵʯת
ɻƾһֹֹ̡ʵļ벢γɳʯԼ

ԪشԭʯǨƵԴӶγɻҡһЩʿѧҰ
ӦõɳγɵĻʯǷù
ľȷ÷ʽͳ̶Ȼû˽ѧΪϵ
󻨸岻ҽγɵĶɻһγɵġ
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ҡ˻гʯҪбʯسʯڻң 
еǡ෴΢ƾ۾ǲ
ʯ
Granophyre  ʯӢͳʯΪϸҡʯ
ӢͳʯĹϵ󻨸ͬģС
Granular Disintegration ״ʴ Ӵʯ绨
ҡԳҺʹңз롣ǵķֽ룬γɺ
ܻѧ仯ʵȻԭĴС״Ŀ״ʴ
ڽϷڱ߽ԼϷ
Բ¶ͷ;ϼȵɳĮԼº͵ĵشС
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Granulite  ɴСȽܽϵĿɵκαҡ
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졣ѧָṹŷ޵ѧҰ޶
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ҡ
Graphic Granite 󻨸 ʯӢͳʯʽ һ
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ϳֽ֡ʱ󻨸ҡʯͨ
΢бʯԿ1 ֮ľ壬ʯڵʯӢйͬĽᾧ
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ǧͷǦ죬ǦһֺɫǦɫ
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֬Ƴ󻬼ΪڸлѧĶԣƳ˹ۻ
ڵƼɰϣغ͵缫μ
Mineral Propertiesۿʣ

Graptolites ʯ һȺ嶯ֳ
ʯȺ״״ṹɵļǣͰС
״ṹŵֲеĹںݡʯǻ
ϡЩʯ״ĸϡЩƯԵ
㷺ֲں͡ռͺ־ҲĶԱϣֵرڱ
ʯûĶӦڶоں࣬źܴ
ʡڷǹǻţΪѾļ
١
Gravimeter  ѧⶨκһ
ǿȵܹλ0.01 ٤ϵı仯1 ٤
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ؿ仯ӰһολòƶλƵĸıС 
ڽת䵽֮ǰùѧġеĻķԷ

Gravitational ConstantУ ţٵ
 FG ( ) 
m m 
r
1 2 
2 УG ͱʾνɿΪ
Fǵ˻ǵ֮ľ루rƽ
GG 6.6700.00510-8 3/ˡ2
1 ףΪ1 ˵
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ĴþµŤתά˿˿ܵһ֪СŤص
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˴÷ʽҪʹСĹ̶ʹ֮ʹ
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Ϊ˵õСһЩ˱
ˡ֮Сһڷ֮һ
Gravitational Potential λ ÷Χڵκ
嶼λܣġο
λԶ봦ſӽĵ˶
λܾڸӡɽλΪV -G 
M
t 
V 
λG M ܵõt Ǹ
֮ľ롣
Gravity Anomaly 쳣 κһʵֵԼ
ֵƫ롣罫ȵֵͼϲ͵õ
ڵͼһ棬쳣ܺܺõʾ쳣ͼʹ
ѧܶߺ͵ĵʵֵֵƫ 
 ϸ֣ڰ뼹ԭš

ΪɵؿǾֲܶȴڻСڵؿƽܶȵĽ
ؿǵĳɷֺͺȶǾȵģͲ쳣ڡںϺʹ½
ֵѾ꣬ǽֲѾ
ѼĹ㷺ϣѧܹȷµĵؿǱȴ½
Ǳܡ̽߸ݽСģľֲ仯ʯ
ͺĳЩҪüֵĿڵµλáı仯ʹJ.H. 
أPrattG.B.裨Airyǵľ˵
GraywackeLithic Areniteɰңмɰмң һ
ӲĴɰңص״ʯӢʯмĿֲճ
ɵĻСѾ˵ġɰڵ³
ɫɫĻɫɫʯɰһɰҴһֳ
ĿٰʴˡĻٶ֮ʹԭʼ
ȫ绯
Greenhouse Effect ЧӦ һЧӦЧӦĴڣ 
ʹڵҵĲá
̲̫ͨܰѺպٷ
Ҫˮж̼Ҳ󲿷̫͸
档̫Ĵ󲿷ֱգȻ 
ɵĳ󲿷ֱеˮ
գһЩֱٷ䵽档ˣ¶Ⱦͱ
ûˮͶ̼ʱҪߡ
ƽ¶ԼΪ15档¶Ҫλڵ̫ƽ
ϵһڷƽʱӦе¶ȴҪ߳40档һ
壬䵽ķ䲢Щȫٷȥ¶
ȡڵλʱڴıϵλڷȥˣ
¶Ҳȡյ䵽ڵλϵĺķ
֪ģô¶ȾͿԼʵ¶
ǵ̫ʹӴյ͵ߵƽ
⡣
Greensand ɰ һ־ɫɫɰɫͨɫ
ĴڣʱҲغشγɡ
Greisen Ӣ һҪʯӢĸͻɵʴ仨
ʯʴγɵǵʯөʯٿʯʯ 
ĳΪЩ˽ӢҶΪһֺʯ
Grossularite ʯ ʯһָοʯʯ
һԱҪڽᾧУʻӴõĲ
Groundmass  Χס壨߾ϸʡ
Guide Fossilٱ׼ʯ ĳЩҲУΪЩҲ
ָʾĻʯźΪ໯ʯ֣ܶѸ٣ڵ
ʱĶ̴ʱڣֲȴʮֹ㷺Ϊ׼ʯ֣ܶ࣬ 
ʶ໯ʯô͸ˡ 
 еguide һʣԭָָָʾ ԣʵ溬ǡָʾʯ
index fossil еindexΪ־guide fossil ͬ塣

׼ʯ
ձڵĻʯǵʷضʱһ־ܰѧȷ
鲼ȫĸҲĵȺ˳Ӿ͸Ͽ죬 
ֲ㷺Ǻܺõı׼ʯһȥĻʯͼ
ʯࡣ
Gully 幵 ͨˮСͺӹȡɴֲ
ֲĵϳˢɡֹ̫С̫խ Ϊˮ
Shoestringϸrill幵ڴֱСʴ򣩣̮
γɵ¹ܵɳпıˢüĳЩ幵
״Գ״˴˼䲢μArroyo۸ɺӵ
GuyotTablemountƽɽ ƽ̹ĺ׻ɽƽ
ɽڵڶսʱ̫ƽֵġȻȫ綼к
ƽɽֻ̫ƽֲձ顣ƽɽƽ̹Ķں
1000 סΪ˵Ļƽγɵԭƽ֮ɺ
ǳˮлкĴڿΪ˿ṩ֤ƽɽƽ
ڵؿǳ˶ĽȻƽɽĶˮƽ 
Ҳеĳб״̬ǵؿǲȳĽ
aһ׻ɽ
b̧ܵöߣĶڲ˵Ļ
cȻ³γһƽɽ
ƽɽ
Gymnosperm ֲ ֲһ֡һ㶼ǳƬ״״
Ҷĳֶһ׳ʵɣ֧ϸСö֦辡
ֲﶼѳɻʯϵȫҲСȼ
ͱǼʹڵާͿƴCordaitesе
Sagopalmֳ׼ԼɡɼѩɵҶ 
ҲֲӣާMaidenhair٣Ǻܶģ 
дģȴֻһơ
Gypsum ʯ ʯǺˮƣΪʯԭ
ϣҵʮҪġͨĿﻹ;״ϸ
ѩʯ࣬ĥװƷ峺͸֪͸ʯ
࣬ܰɱƬڹѧϡάʯһ˿ʯ
֡άʯгһ⻬ԲͷΣʾһġ
仯ĹֹèʯƵĹҪʯ಻Ӳ
2ʯͷͳΪɰıʯˡ
ʯһֳңʯҺҳҳɻ㡣ʯһ㷺ֲĿ
ͨβ¡Щɲʯɺˮγɵģˮ
ʹʯܽᾧͳμEvaporteңMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ 
 ӢеCapillus Venerisֱ룺ά˹ͷ룬溬ǡŮ 
ͷ֦ï

H 
HabitCrystal ϰ μCrystal Habit۾ϰԣ 
Hadal Zone Ԩ 6000 ϵĴĺס
ԨֲڴĺСһȣѹر¶ȵ͡
ûйߺȱʳȽϡ١һʳٶȺ 
ǳϸ
Half-life ˥ ˥ǷȻɱĶ׼ȷ˵
ԪصԭһɱȶģԪҪʱ䡣
ÿԪصɱǲġȻͬķԪصİ˥ڱ仯ܴ 
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ꡣ
Halides ± ڻѧдԪ±صĻΪ±
±ذȡ塢⡣ͨ±ΣȻƣ
ΣȻأөʯƣ
Halite  ȻƵĿֽͨκʯΡΪǶ
еƷһѰҺͽĿ֮һ
ʳڴǰҪĺΨһ;͹ҵ;
ȣֻǱȽٵˡǻѧҵڵԭϣú͹ҵ
ĲƷҪõƺȵԴλʳƷӹҵ
ˮܽдԼ3 ȻƣĿĵʹˮȡΡ
ʹУˮȻԭΪһֳҸ
ŵĹḻңںˮг˳ϣ 
ʯӲʯĺ棬ˣ֮ҵʯӲʯࡣЩ
طβʯλ㻹ʯͼԼɰӺճ

75 ϹҴΡβڵ²
β㣬õ¿ķɡȻһּ򵥵ȡˮðˮ
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Ȼǲ״Ŀ󴲣ҵܺõ壬
־ϰԺ;ζص㣬ʹǺ׼ġ
Mineral propertiesۿʣ
Hanging Valley  ֧Ƚ㴦ȵȹȵ
֧ȡھõɽȺձ顣γȵķʽܶ࣬
ͨķʽȱʴ֧һСı
ʴǳ֧ûббҲܹγȡͨڸõ
δȫڣ֧ȾͱΪȡԼ׵٣Yosemite 
԰ʿزףLau-terbrunnenӹеȾ
ӡ
Hanging Wall  ָһϲ̣б̡̻
ڲɿѧָͨһˮƽбϽ磬
Ƿһϲչ

Hardness Ӳ Ӳָһֿ̻ӲȺ;ṹ
ԭӼļйϵԽǿӲȾԽЩʯ绬ʯ 
ǳһ¾һһֻУһǽʯ 
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Balance ƽ ̫͵򡪴ϵͳȥ
֮ƽ⡣¶ȵȶͷӳһƽ⡣Ӱ
ƽأһǵ򡪴ϵͳ̫ķգһ
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ͨŶֱӰ롰ǱȡԶԣͻߴӵ
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Ҫɶ̲ɵ̫ǱȽϡ͸ģ 
̫ܵĴ󲿷ֵ棬ʹЧӦ
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ȥ
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ʵݲͬͨÿ/ȣ棩ʾΪ1 ˵ʣ
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Խ󣬻¶ݶԽԽˣĳЩ͵ʯķ
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Heat Flow Provinces ʡ ½һĵ
ǵı߽ͨصĵʡɽĵ
ʡйءںУֵߡ仯Ϊʡ
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ܣеֵɽǿɱġغɽ
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Heavy Liquid Һ ҺһָܶȵҺ壬ⶨ
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ɫģν״ֺɫ״һЩ״ļ壬
״ı档ɫǾûнᾧ̬״ɫʯ
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μMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Hemimorphite 켫 켫ǺпĹΣпĴ
ڽᾧѧбϵһ͵ĶԳͣĶ͵׵̬
һˣ켫ơƣ˼ǰΡ 
ǣͨɫǶоͷ״״Ŀ״塣켫
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ҵĿնʯＰʯ
Hexagonal System ϵ ڽᾧѧУаζԳ
ζԳľ壬ΪϵϵУеľ嶼ĸᾧ
ᣬȵһƽϣ˴˽Ϊ120㣬ĸ
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֮ǰǸӦôڵĶʵȱʧҲ߳
ʴˡʼϴһʱ׶Σʱɵ״ʵʴ
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Hill  ָͨΧƽأԲ״ԵµصĽС
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˵ǾԵġ編ŵ꣨Norma-ndy Hill 

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MountainsΪMontagnes Noiresֻ300 ҡ
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Holocene Transgression ȫ һαγɵ
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Soil Profileݡ
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֣ǰɫĻɫҿڻҺͱоСμMineral 
Proper- tiesۿʣ
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ԭʯγɵĴࡣЩҿʾԭйصĹ
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HotspringDeposits Ȫ Ȫˮڵر¶ĵطͨ
γɵĶΡ׶κͽ׵εĳˮĻﵽ㹻ĵط 
ͿͨȵĻĽӴԼͨҽҺĻ϶
ڲȡˮܽˮǿö࣬ܽʯе
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Hurricane 쫷 μCycloneTropical[ȴݡ
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Hydraulic Geometry ˮ̬ ӵˮӵ
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Ȼ˳ģͨûж仯ʵάһ
Hydraulic Gradient ˮݶ Ǳˮ棨WaterTable¶ȡ
ˮݶȾǱˮϾˮƽĸ߶ȲG= H/L 
ʽʾ֮G ˮݶȣH ߶ȲL ľ롣
Hydraulicking ˮ ˮҳƶʡеˮ
ȻڳӵС㣬رϵĺ׵
ƽԭϲɿҲˮڵİ취
Hydraulic Mining ˮɿ ˮĸѹй
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Hydrocarbon ̼⻯ ̼Ԫɵл
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Hydrology ˮѧ оѩ½صرˮˮķֲԼ
ĵõĿѧѧоͺѧоеˮ֣ˮѧ
оѩˮͺˮѧо١ˮ
ͽˮĹϵЯɳˮܽηԼ
ԵĴСĸʡоѩͱеˮԼ仯
оǱˮλãˮʺ˶ˮص㼰
ˮеˮ仯ˮѧԤˮʴˮ

ԴΪȡҵˮͼͥˮˮԴҪ
Hydrometeor ˮ ˮĸҺ̬̬
γڴڣڵرˮӱӵرϴߣҲ
ˮ塣ˮиָ״1γɲ
ڿеˮӣơʪͱ2ʽĹ̬
壬綳ꡢëëꡢѩ3䵽㱻ᦣ4 
ӵ洵΢紵ѩˮĭ5¶ڵرıˮ¶
˪ڡ
Hydrosphere Ȧˮ ½ءԼˮܳƣҺ̬
ͶĶڡһڵܡ񱡲ȵǡȦ
ʯȦȦԼȦĵȦ֮һаرˮ
ˮѩ±Լܽˮе塢Һ͹
ʡȥΪˮȦԭʼȴɵģ
֤ΪˮȦеˮǴӵڲɽܺӿ
ˮȦ
ˮķֲ״
ˮǧ
1330 00000 
ԭ29400 000 
½230 000 
85O0 000 
ܼ1368130 000 
Hydrostatic Pressure ˮѹ ɾһϵ
ѹһȫλȵʩĸλˮѹ
󣬻ʹСı״ؿڲʯ
ܵѹƣϸҲ㣬Ϊʯѹ
Hydrothermal Alteration Һʴ ˮҺԴ
ӿʱĿ﷢úĿѧ仯Һγʱ 
ΧҿҲͬʱʴ䡣
Hypabyssal Rock ǳ ɹ뵽ؿǽǳλҽᾧ
γɵĻ塣ʯԽСǽϯҸΪ
ǳͨǰ״ĲбλҸϸĽṹҵĿ
Ϊ֡
Hypersthene ջʯ ջʯþĹοбʯ
ϵеһԱʯǴþ˳Ա40þ
þﺬ1320ʱ֮Ϊջʯμ
Mineral Propertiesۿ] 
Hypothermal Deposits Һ Һڸ¸ѹˮ
ҺγɵĽ󴲡ֿҪĽʯٿ󡢰
󡢻Ȼ𡢻ͭͷǦͨʯʯӢ
өʯʯ͸ʯ

I 
Ice Age  ΪһרָŹ㷺ıõ
ʱڡΪһרŵʾļ͵ĸ
Iceberg ɽ ӱĩ˷һ壬żҲָ
ĩеıı塣бֲĸ˹
Ӻϼغˮ򣬱ɽձ顣ɽ²кܴ󲿷ֲ뵽ˮУ 
ͨ80ˮ£ûˮвֵıʱ˴ɽƯ
ԴԽԶɽԽСǶڱϺһ
в̹˺ųûĺ¼ĩˮеı
ѱá
Ice-contact Slope  ھֹıǰ˵ıˮ
ڱڷγɵб¡³ǰǰ˾ֹıλ
бӳ˱λߡµĳصǲ
Σڱڻɵģ𡢱׵غͱӡ
ԼѨͱǰ޶ԾбΪ
Iceland Spar ʯ ʯǻѧϴģѧ峺ģɫ
ķʯ֣Ϊ״ηڱҵĿն֮Уô
Ice-rafted Fragment ʯ ɽӱ˵ʯ飬
ͱкձ顣ֱʯʯϼΧĺ
дڣԴسٹμErraticƯ 

Ichthyosaur  ѾĶ̾ж㡣
ִĺơе7.512 ףƽȴ̵öࡣ
ϵϵҲСμFossil Reptileжﻯʯ

ЩʳġΡ3 ϣֺжѾȫ
Ӧ
Idioblastic α侧 α侧Ǳеһֽṹп
γľ档Crystallo- blastic Series۱侧У
Idocrase ɽʯ ɽʯһֳɷݸӵĹοͨǳ
ڲĽӴʿȻõķϵ壬
ĺ档ǸֵƵ״塣ɽʯһΪɫ
ɫģҲǻɫġɫĻɫġһܵɫıǲ
ԼǣװβϡμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
ɽʯ
ķͷ˫׶ɵľ̬
Igneous Rock  ҽʯʵ壩ȴ֮
γɵʯЩʯΪ飺ڵؿڲᾧԼɴ
ҽγɵĻɽҡʯ಻ͬȡ
仯ѧͿɷ֣ṹͲ״μExtrusive Igneous Activity
ɻ]Intrusive Igneous ActivityɻݣMa- gmatic 
Differentiationҽã
Ignimbrite ۽ ɻɽＴͨ˵ĳȵĻɽ

Ĺ̽γɵҡͨȵĻɽҽĭ
ĭݵıγɵĴ΢ʡŵɢʱ
ڶ̾ڴﵽʮٶȡ۽ҲָγɵزĳȵĻ
ɽ۽й㷺һЩǧ
ƽϴʮ׺ǻΪˮƽϯ˿Գ
ĵͣʱڵ7000 ꣩ڼε
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Ilmenite  ѵҪʯ
ǻһͨĸڻԳҺбԺܴĿ
֡Ҫγɻ쾧ЩʯеΪѿ
ɵġôѡġΪĿʯ
ֿѧãʯ绯ʱܴз嵽ĺ
ȥ︻ɰ󣬻߿Ա嵽ȥںɰ֮У
ؿʯʯʯһγɾ޴ĶѻΪɰ
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Incised Meander Ƕ μMeanderincisedǶ 
Index Mineral ָʾ ʾʳ̶ȵĿμIsograd 
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Index of Refraction  Ǳٶȣ
ٶȣ͸ٶȱֵһֵߴӿбһ
ֹýʱͷתۣ䡣ýܶԽߵбԽ
ʾԽi r Ĺϵ߶Ǵӽķ߲
ģ˹ʾԹ̶ý˵Sin i Sinr ıֵ
һÿ͸ʶһʡ
ĲⶨǿһҪμBecke Test[ˣߣ
Indicator ָʾʯ˵ʯ飬Ƿǳģ
ȷҵλãƶķ;롣Щָʾʯѱ
1100 ๫μErraticƯ
Infiltration ˮѩˮӵرͨնѷͽ绯
ͻе˶ֲ̡﹩Ӧˮ֣ˮв 
Աȡú͹ҵá͸ãPercolationǵˮ
˴ͨĿ׵ڷ绯ǻдһطһطĻ˶
Inosilicates ״ ״ǹ干ӣ
״һΡ͵1Уĸ
еǹеģʹSi O=132˫
߿߽϶ɵġ˫״λ״ṹУһ
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ΰҪҿ壬״Ļʯ˫״Ľʯμ
Silicate Structure and Classification[ εĽṹͷ
Insequent River б ֺӵĺӵκԵ
ġͬرʴܻҲͣҲûжϵ
֧ûй֦ᷢ״
Interference Colour ɫ ɫǷǾʾڰɫУ

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֧вͬٶȵĹߡΪвͬĴٶȣڶ
ƫ⾵ʱ߾ͱ˴˸棬ĳЩĹ⣬ͳĲ
ɫɫͳΪɫƫ΢ʱǺҪ
ġ
ĳЩԳһָɫɫܼġƽеĽ
϶˫ƬԼİķġָ
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Interference Figure ͼ ͼھƫ¹۲Ǿʾ
ĳʱ۲ɫȦɫԼڱۻɫɵͼ
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Interfluve Ӽأӷˮ μDrainage Basin 

Interglacial Stage  㷺ıʱڣļ͸
Ľһ֡ڱڼôͳ̶ȣ
Сʹ󲿷ֱܻʱڣ¶Щ
̵ġöĳڵһЩʱڷֿѾ
ڣǶĵصġԴϵµ˳У 
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°ݵé˹ɢâڣŵ˹ݵɣɳǣ
ŷҲʶڣ-¡- ˹˹- ľڣ 
ǵʱ뱱൱
Intermittent Stream Ъ ÿֻڲʱˮĺ
ǿˮġˮˮλߣˮɼʱˮ½
ñȺӵͣˮͶӵλڵƸֶ϶Ҳ㣨ʯ
ңϣҲɺԡ
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ͳʱĺ֮ĵشźֲһխشĿ
ȡں׵¶ȺͳĴСڿϵı仯λõӰ
죬ˣĿڴʱСʱСڳܴ󡢺
бĺôĴһķҵͷʥ
壬ĿȿԴﵽ
Intrusion  ҽλǰڵʯСͨѵ
γǿҽֹ̿ҵģҽѴڵĶ
ʱͲôҡ
Intrusive Igneous Activity ɻ κһַڵر
ĻɻĳЩ󴲵γɺõҪءγ

ڵҽ̽ɵ塣ЩиִС
״ǽҴһԴṹΪΪ
ȴҡҡԳҺʯ̽
ʴʹǱ¶ڵرеĴ½Լʱĸ
ʱڶγɡǰɣݿϿɽϿڲ
ҺͻԳҵ٪޼ڼԼع԰
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һܴĿռ䱻˶ĵռšÿӴһ磬ÿ
Ӵһ硣ΪԭڵԵģˣĿ͵ڵ
Ŀһԭʧȥһ򼸸ӣʹ磬ӣ
һԭӵõһ򼸸ӣʹ磬ӣҲ˵Ҫ
ôǴӣҪôǴӡȻԪ⣬
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ɵӵʹǽھ֮СӼ
ӼǿĻѧҪ͡
ӵϸСģ߶ȴĺΧʮϡĵռݵĿռ䡣
ռ䲢ûһĽ档ӵĴСӰ뾶ֻܸһ
໥ȷΪ෴ɵһھͳ
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룬Ӱ뾶֮ͣͨӰ뾶С
һᾧʱͬɡͬӰ뾶ӿ
档磬ʯǴĹþڣܽ뾧
ṹĳЩλγһþĹΡӽǺձģ
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ĳЩзʯʾӽʣӽǺ
ĽṹǼϣҺпԱһЩӴ档ˮ̾
ԴΪݵġμBondsChemicalۻѧ
Ionosphere Ӳ ӣӣȽ϶һ㡣
ϸ˵ǵϲ㵼Ըߵ򡪡Ӿ50 ҵ
߶ֱŲ㣨ȦԵһ㣬Ŵɵӣ
ߵ粨ĴкܴӰ졣ӲĴɵ¹ѧҿ
ϣ˹17771855ݶԵųı仯еоƵ
ѧҹŸҮĪᣨGuglielmo Marconiɹذѵ
Ų͵ԶľʱǻΪʲô粨ŵ
ѧA.E.KennellyӢʦά
Oliver Heavi- sideڲ֪˹ԺһЩѧļ
£1902 һΪһܰ
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̫ǴϲӻҪԴX ߡ
ߺӷҲӻӲ㱻ΪԣҲǴ
ĵӡ֮ȡܶڰϵľ޴

Լ̫ڵĲͬ׶κʹűڼı仯˵̫
ӲĴž޴áӲڣܶȵĲͬԷΪ
ͬ㣺D 㣨5085 E 㣨85140 F 㣨140 
600 600 ϵŲ㣨ȦԵΪӻ̶ߵһ
㡣죬D ĵܶԼΪÿ100 ӣ
ĸ߶ϣӵÿԼ1000 ӡȻӲУӵ
Ŀ벻ӵĿȣȻǺٵġ磬300 
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Ӳ
ص洫ĵ粨ֱ߷ʽľֻеƽôԶ
ܵ㷴ĵ粨ܴƽĵطʹԶߵͨ
ѶΪܡ
Iridescence ɫβʣ ɫǿѧеһڿ
ڲһֹĸˣĽǶȲͬһϵ
еɫɫͷƣһ污ĤԷĸ
ɵġڲɫڽܵĿ϶ķ
ġĳЩʯͳֳһɫɫ䵽̡䵽ơ
Iron  ΪȻԪصǺγɺϽġֲ״ 
һڵϣһʯСĳЩϵȻΪԭʼ
ǴȻĻ̼ͨʵͬ
ԭγɵġʯе775μMineral Properties 
ۿʣ¼4
Iron Meteorite ʯ ΪҪɷֵʯԹ
οΪҪɷֵʯʯͬ
Island  ȴ½С滷ˮС½ءĴ
С100 ƽʮƽﲻȡЩƽϵͣڱм
ɱˮûЩ죬кθߴǧ׵Ĵɽ
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ˮûɽɽˮ֮Ҳγɵ죬ݺһ
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НأҵƵƽʴʯǽСĵ죬
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ǺͶոذشֵձ顣һ֣ɺԼ
غѻɵı̫ƽпԿԲεĵ
ൺһγһͽȺ
Island Arc  ɻɽɵһͨ档
ֲں½صһ࣬ʻ͹̫ƽ
Χĵε簢ȺձеȺ
Isograd ȱ ͼϵߣ溬ڱʹ
ضΧ¶ȺѹҴı߽硣ÿȱȱ־ı߽磬

ֱ߽ضĿϿʼʯСѡöȵ
ĳһ޶¶ѹγɵġǱָʾ
̶Ϊǣʯɫĸʯʮʯʯ
͹ʯ
Isometric System ᾧϵ ڽᾧѧУ໥ֱ
ᾧľϵеᾧϵᾧͨеĽᾧѧ϶ȵ
ȣԼͬĹ١ೣʯΡөʯʯʯͷǦ
ڵᾧϵ
Isomorphous ͬ ڽᾧѧУͬԭֻ
̬ͬĿһͬõġ
Isostasy  ؿƾĳƽƯ
֧ţƽáʮҶչ־
ۣΪ˽ͲԱӡȵͼʱõľ޴Ĳ
նǺͿǳ֮һϱߣǰڸ϶ˣ
λϲɽشνǲĲط
þγȵĲͱȽЩʱ۲쵽
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Ϊ˽ֲ죬һӢʿԼϲ
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ⴸΪֽǶȲĲο׼Ϊ
λϲⴸϲɽƫ룬ڿƫ
Ϊطɽļɽˮƽ
Ҫʵ1855 ꣬ķֱ׶ػʼѧ
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ƯܶȸĵײϡΪ˱ֵؿǺ͵ײ֮ƽ⣬ؿγ
ɽĵضεĸӦȵؿǰƽԭ׵ĵضθسûײ
СֻҪǺƯŵɽͿԺܺõָ
ɽͬܶȲƯܶȸĽСһɽں֮ϵ
߶ȱһɽĩΪ˱־ƽ״̬ͻֽᷢϴ
ɽں֮µҪȽСıɽ
ͬƲ⣬ɵؿɵϲɽشܵ
ײСΪɽܶȽСǴɽ±ߵ㣬Բ
ԱĲⴸСٶڰ۵ƫ
ȵټ㣬õĽʵʹ۲쵽ƫȡ
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ܶȣؿǵĲͬضвͬܶȣΪɽضεܶȱ
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ܵĵײ㡣Ȼ簬ɽ
ؿйصԲⴸǺСġ
ԴغͰǶԾõĿڵؿǵʶ
̣еκһڵؿǵĲͬ֡
۱Ƚʱڰ۵ľάֵĵؿһ
۵Ŀ⡣
Isotherm  ¶ȵĵߡͨͼϡ

Isotope ͬλ ͬλָǵԭӺͬͬ
ֻϵֻͬѧԪءͬԪصͬλͬԭ
ͲͬԭԼͬʡ
Itacolumite ɰ һֻڱɰҡ
Ŀڴſ϶ȡֿܿĸʯͻʯ
ԼʯӢĽǶġ

J 
Jade ʯ ʯָӲֿеһ֣װ
ƷΪ̲ܸ߶ӡȻӲͬĿ壨Ӳ
һֻʯһֽʯвͬĻѧɷݣкǿԣ 
̵ͨġ΢£Ӳϸļɡë״
ϸά״ӲӲǣЩʺϵάʹиĽǿ
ȣҲ顣ڵ̺ĥƷǺѱ˴ġǣ 
ǷһڹԵĲǿԷֵġӲǲ 
֬мһܹ۲ɫϵĲӲ񾭳ɫߵ
ģǱȽϾȵġʱӲǰ͸ġϸĸɫʣ 
аߵɫڿѧ͸ʯǰɫɫĸþ
Σǣ京ʱɫģԽ࣬ɫԽ
ɫԴӰɫͨɫɫɵɫȻӲ񳣳
ɫģǿɫɫɫϺɫɫɫ
ǧй˾ͽ￴ʯ̳µ
ƷŴʯƷīҲֹ˺У1769 
굽ʱϵë˲ʯװΣƳɵ

Jadeite Ӳ ӲһʯĿͽʯһ
ΪʯμMineral Properties[] 
Jasper  һܵġ״ġ΢ʵʯӢ֡ͨ
ǺɫģΪɢϸСĳɫ塣
Jet úú úһʵĺɫú飬ܹ׵úܹ⡣
ӺװƷ
Joides ؿȡϺ֯ Joides һǵؿ
ȡϺ飨Joint Ocean-ograpic Investigation for Deep Earth 
Samp- lingдҹģܴĺоɵһ
֯֯оصʷ60 ڣ֯
ĳԣغ½Ե˼ס죬֯ڽһ
緶ΧĴ̽ƻ֮Ϊ̽ƻ
Joint  ̽˵ʯһǱڷ϶ƽڽ
ķûл򼸺û˶绯ûֱڽ˶γ
һŽѷ졣ڽһЩ棬ΪһЩ޴ѡ
ʱӡݵ··ǵܵضԽм顣ѧ
͹ʦΪҰʵоʱ䡣Ұѧ
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ڵ϶伸ηλ֮估֮Ĺϵ
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ཻϵͳһһϳĽ
ʱģͱΪϵϵͳɱиġƽеı棬

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ڱĳЩ״졪ҶƬʯ
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Ϊ״һĽĳЩضĻм
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غյѷӵȼľ̨ס
Iointing Columnar ״ Columnar Join- ting[״
]
Jolly Balance ϵɳ һô̶ȵⶨ
ӹڵ档һڿУһ
ӷˮСƷʱaԴӵĿ̶
ȻƷƵϣwƷˮʱɵ
쳤ġ쳤aƷеȣ쳤w 
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Jurassic Period ٪޼ ĵڶͣھԼ1.91.95 
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ױǶͰİݡݡɴݡݡ
ݡɣݡīݡڻϲϴݣȻ̫
ȴЩʯ󲿷ɱΪɳĮɰͺ
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ﱣصȵʴΡȻ׳۵ķ羰ڱҲ㣨󲿷
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ԽЩ̬ĵ̬Ƚϣڷչ
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Բ״ļΪ
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⵽ˮܽʯңټأʯҵĽǳ
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Cataclasite[ ]Mylonite[ ] 
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Properties[ ] 

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ǷȴԴlater ש˼Ϊ 
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Ȫ]
Lava Flow  ƽ緢ڼҺ
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 1000ȴ100档γ˸ߴ40 ׵Ĺ̽ǽ
ڵֹת
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ԭȫɣϻɽ׶ɡڵʱ
ÿڶγɡ
Lava FountainFire FountainȪȪ 
ĭ״ҵ緢ԼҺұݵıѣ׳ҿ鱻䵽
߿մ600 ֮ࡣǾͺʢˮĲзմƬǿ
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ɼ׶׳ҿӳĵѷʱγɻ

϶ĶѻÿԲɽ׶׶ɵ
ɽðǺͻΤɽ緢ڼ䣬ֹɽ֮
Ϊ׳ۺηȪ
LavaPillow ״ μPillow Lava״] 
Lava Tree  ֮ͻĿԲ״ҹܣߴ
üסΧһ̽ᣬݾγ

ʱлɱƤĻƣǸľ̿
ȷΪһҪЩ
ͺһѸĺӣеĸӵһҪЩ 
ԼΪʸҡĵ
ϣڶոݱ¸ġ֡Lava Cast Forest 
ԼܵϮĵطǺձġ

Χɵǰʱұ½aչʱ 
ҿĸ͹𡣣b֮´ֱԲ
״ռģ
Lava TunnelLava CaveLava TubeҶ 
ҹܣ ̽ڲǰƽΪ
һɸǳĹ״Ҵǲϵṩҡ
ճ͵ڡԴв״ʱ 
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пγʯʯЩ۸Ķֵ̮
̮ݰءī硢ǡոԡɺ
ģԼĦǺĵط

Lazurite ʯ һơƲһЩο 
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ѹ1 ͡෴ĴѹԼ1000 ͣ 
3 ǧ׸߳̽Լһ롣
ǴкٵʶˮЩˮᣬͻ
Ǳγֻ0.03 ׺һ㱡ĤˮԵȡڼڡ
ʱڣⲻˮļˮ
ڻԶ̫ıġ¶22 
ңճǰ70档ǵ¶ȳڶļ 
⵽¶ȿ䵽138档ִ¶ȱ仯ش磬Ϊÿ
סܻǴǺϡģǿҵķ糣޴ĳ
ǡ
˻οƺͻ⣬ǵĻοӵǳĸߵأͻ
ԭǴķĳʵĳͿӵ⻷ʴ¡

ǵĴƽҲжӦΪɻɽͷ
ɵġĶܻɽھ80220֮䡣
һˮƥ˻ɽ23 ߣǵߵĻɽ
ĵðǻɽ߶ȵϡǼűǣ漾ڶˡ
ļǱΪǹ̬̼㷺ֲıˮ
ɹ״ص㱻ʶΪǻϹȥҺˮ֤ݡ
Ǹߵƺֱ20 ƽ׿ӣȻС״οӴ
״̬䲻ͳ̶10 ½ϰοӵչγ
70㣬ο١ο֮ĵƽ̹ġӼ
ΪɿӵĽͿܵĻɽ紵ѻﹹɵġڸ
СӣʿСټԭ᣸ƺϼ񣬲
ʶΪǻɽǰ
ҲѾأϵӦ
һԽ󣬻ĿԽࡣձͬ⣬״ʯ
ĳγɵģʯĴСɼʮﵽٹѾ
״ءǺ˹ھ295γ45㡣
⾶2000 ϵ״꺣ö࣬꺣ֱ
Ϊ1500 
ǻɽȵ϶ɽöࡣȻҲм
Ĵ򣬵ӦĻɽڡĻǻɽˮ
ƥ˻ɽֱ600 һϵֱʮĶƻڡɽ
شԼ2 ߡ
һѹϵ30100㾭ȼ4000 
ϿȻһֹʴòϿȵĶ˲
һ״򡢶ƽ̹ľ޴ĵؿУõؿɵ͵͵γ
ģؿΧΪοӸߵء
Ͽȵ˷֧ΪһϵСöİݡ
͵ϵķʴҪҪöࡣʵûд
ȦҲûзʴáڵϣǲͬʴò
ˮʴõӰҪ1971 һδ󳾱Я˴ϸ
ôǿʹǵĵòΪ֮ĹۡƺнϸߵĶ
һɹɵġʴ
ƺʴŵòϽϸߵĲλڵ͵ĵطһЩʡһ˵ 
ʴɳʶڼɰĵò
ɴƽ̹ƽԭǳɫͰɫڻ9 Ź۲ڼ䣬
Щλú̬˱仯ЩΪ൱ڵϾн
ɰŵɳĮ
ǵ
ǵ
ƽֱ 6775.0 12742. 1 
ֱ 6786.8 12756.3 
ֱ 6751.6 12713.6 
ܶȣ/3 3.94 5.52 
0.375mR2 0.33078mR2

̫ƽ루 227941000 149600000 
̫루 249226000 152100000 
̫С루 206656000 147100000 
ƫ0.0933 0.0167 
ԻƵ棨棩1.85 0.0 
Թ25.2 23.45 
̫תڣ죩 687.00 365.26 
ת24 3722 235604 
һ243935 240000 
ٶȣ/룩 4.0 11.2 
/2 380 978 
Mascon Ũ һеŨ䳬Ԥڵƽ
Ũֱ200 л״º
쳣
ŨҪģΪǱŨγûдﵽ
ƽ⡣Ϊºеʯ䶼30 ꣬ƶŨ
Ҳ30 ǰγɵġЩϵ¿㹻ǿʮ
ǰĴ෴ؿڲ1 ʱתΪƽ⡣
Lunar Geologyʣ
Mass Wasting  б˶
Щ˶Ǳ䡢䡢»ƶٶȿܷǳ֮
죬Ҳܼ첻Է½ϣɷںףԷ
ڶ͵ɽϣҲɷڵƽɽϡҿ
˶Ǵ˶ѩɽԼƶ
ƵӡȻҪȡãȻ¡ʯ
ѷҲбˮͽⶳܳͱɡл궴ֲ
áԼҲһáƼ
ΪµǺܶġƼӿɽȣʴŵ棬Ϊҵ
γṩ˳
Matrix  ڵѧУѳеϸ΢ͳʯп
ϴ֮϶ʣΪʡĳЩҵĻһʱʾ 
ground-mass١ȻŻʯ˺ͿʯҲΪʡ
Meander  ָӵе֡ӵĺΪ
ӡػ۶ӳˡķںΪ
ܾЯضΧҵڵĽһӣ
ٵߣĸߣߣһϵӵߣÿ
ӵٶУÿһε࣬ڸ֮
ϴˮػʱεˮͶ࣬ 
ˮѹμȥʴáͬʱ 
εڲˮ١ˮ٣ټˮӺӰڲ
ˮڲӰʴڲӰϳ 
 ʣҲΪʣ鼴ְ취matrix groundmass ͳһΪʡ


ελþͷ˱Ǩ

1.ݻشʥʯɵġ쾱״Ƕ

2.ӲиٻУ˹һڴԽȵʱγɵƽ
Ļߡ
ضε½ȣγˮǳ̲ˮλˮ
λεḽǳ̲γɡεĺӴ
ͨǶԳƵģĺˡ
ĲȡںӴĿԼİ뾶С
ĴСȡںӴĿȣ֮Ĺϵ
γԭ˵һΪûʱ
γһΪγ½ʹ
ͺٵԵʡӳ˺ӵ½γɹ
̻ӴʵĴСͺӴòйءμMeanderEntrenched 

MeanderEntrenchedincisedǶ һ
ܶĺӴӲкͻ
ĵط仯ʹӲ۽µлӲ
λò䶯ӦγɡǵһѭҲ
ڶѭγɵġСʴ׼½ 
ԭеάֲ䣬ǵһѭں̲ǰ
ĺŻشʱγɵǶѭ
ڵʱУλƶƶεڲ
ġ¡ɳ죻Ҳγа
򲻶Գ¶Ȳ𲻴Ҫȡڵ
ٶȣͬеɳҲʴֶйϵЩ
л϶ӣShenandoa RiverذҲ
γɵġʯܵѡʴʹչ
Mediterranean к Ϊһָͨ½ػƵľ޴
ˮ½ͨĳڡī塢͵к
Meerschaum ʯ ʯһճ״Ŀ
ʯ̶
Meltwater ˮ ѩͱڽ֮ˮЩˮкܴĵ
ã˸־вıˮƽԭȱӡ𡢱
Ӻͱ׵أԼΪĳʡˮγɱԵ
ӵѨʴγɼԵòγɱӺ
ڲ͵ײγɱ°ӱˮͨǻҰɫģ
бĥʴҷۡ
ˮΪһвеı
ůڻϺˮλͻԼ70 סϵ
ͻᲿֻȫûٻһƸЩȨʿΪĿ
ǰúʯȼӴеĶ̼⽫ʹ¶߲ʹ
ڻ

Member  ɵɲֵСʯز㵥λ
ʯ͡Ӳȼɫ֮黮ֿͨ
൱ĵΧԿԸνʽơ
Mesa ƽɽɽ һֶƽ̹״𣬻Ϊ»
͵Ļ£ܿ㣬ͨˮƽĳҹɵĹɽƽ
ɽɽĸ߶ȴ30600 ף׵ﲻȡƽɽʴõ
Ϊλڴӵķˮشϸҡɰ
һ࿹ʴʯصĽ¡ɣ
ݡݡīԼݵȵضƽɽ
ĸƽɽ¶ɣݵĪŦɽɫ
ѤƽɽƽɽСöСɽԼСû
ƽ״̬ɫеһƽɽɽҲܳΪ﹫
Ԫ73 ̫Ӣµؿ˵֡
Mesosiderite ʯ һ൱͵ʯʯΪһ
ֻʰΧ൱ʯջʯ͸Ƴʯľ塣
Mesothermal Deposit Һ Һе
¶γɵһֿ󴲣Ҳ˵ȱҺСǳҺ
󴲴ֿ󴲵Ҫǻ󡢻ͭ󡢶ɰǦп
ͭȻ𣻿ɿɵҪǽͭǦп
Mesozoic Era  ӹԼ2.25 ꣩
ʼԼ7000 ֮꣩һεʱڡ͡٪޼
ͰѼɣǳΪʱΪʯҵ˴
෱Ŀʯ½ͳ֣ڰѼĩ
⣬еĿͺ߾Ͳ
ǳġڳࡪʼͿֲ 
޼׵ر嶯ǴĶ෱ࡣ
ڱޣĽ¶ڴ˹ᵽ޴󰶸ı
ݡīذشƽԭƽԭԭ
ɽڱ޵ʱڵĻҺͳҳʴ״Ӱ
˹һֱ쵽ǡʯҲ㷺س¶Ӣ¹
޶޺Ҳҵʱڵʯ
ĩڣɽ˹ɽɽڣ˴ģ
¡
Metacryst 侧 侧ڱγɵıĴ塣
磬ĸƬеʯʯʮʯͺʯȡMetalNative Ȼ
ȻȻġԪػϵĽElementNativeȻԪ
أ
Metallogenetic Provjnce ɿ ָһʱ
γɽ󴲵򡣼ǵĺʯӢȺǦ 
п󴲾ɿӡ
Metamict Mineral ɾ侧 ڽᾧѧУЩ
ԭǽᾧʵģܵԪصķ󣬾ṹ䵽
Ǳ޶̬ĿɾˣĿûнģ 
ϾʣܶX ߲䡣

ɾﱣž棬γǰļ񡣼ɾﾧʽ
γɣܶȾӡеɾﶼзԵģṹ
ƻке˺зĦӵĺɵġ
Metamorphic facies  ǷʯѧP.E.˹
1915 귢չһڷѧӦڶֱҵķͷࡣ
ıʽ1939 귢ڵ¹Ϊһı
ѧͿɷ֮ʾغе໥ϵȫʯַͨʽ
֪ѧɷֵʯܻͬĿɷ֣ʯ֮仯ѧɷֵĲ췴
ӳɷֵϵͳСÿһ¶ȡѹΧڷ
еһΧĽޣͻᷢ
Դ1939 ʯѧеʿѧ΢޸ԭ
Ķ塣Ȼ˹ȷĻȻЧѳʮ
ࡣÿ඼ԶרеرĿȻľ
ȷĿļвͬ౻еѧҲáÿ
ҪıãֲãӴã֮һ
ڶͱΪ飬ȱúرáǰؿ
Լйضرֻʯڵ

Metamorphic Rock  ȴڵʯܵһֻ
¶ȡѹӦѧԣԸıڹ̬²
ͻѧ仯ʯĽṹ췢仯⣬ڻ
ȶ¿Catacla-siteңݣEclogiteңݣGneiss 
ƬңݣGranuliteңݣHornfels۽ңݣMarble۴ңݣ 
MyloniteңݣPhylliteǧңݣPhyllo- niteǧңݣ 
QuartZiteʯӢңݣSchistƬңݣSkarnӲңݣSlate۰ңݣ 
Soapstoneʯң
Metamorphism  ʹʯĻѧɷֲ
һֹ̡ҪӪ¶Ⱥѹĸı䡣κʯе
޶¶ȺѹΧһȶġµʩӰ
ʱǳΪȵĲұ˴˷Ӧγµȶù̱
¶ȡѹûȷĹ涨ĳЩѧʹõ¶Ǵ
100棬ѹڵԼ3 ĵطѹ
ܹޣ¶Ⱥѹӽ800漰Լ ر35 
ʱﵽЩޣʯʼγҽڵɽ
ء
Ȼ¶ȺѹƱʹ̣ǶԿɼķӦǲ
ΨһءʵҵʵԼʯȻЩϱ
ˮˮĴڴӻѧӦʡûЩʣ 
ĳЩӦܷҪɡѧӦҪˮ
ڱǰʯĿ϶϶УΪĳЩԭӽṹһ֡ڳ
ʼı֮¶ȺѹøͣʯгֵĿ
ӦԴﵽµƽ״̬˻ãڴˮݻڵ
²ѧӦĻѧӦֻܷԺ
ȷ˱зֵĿһ㷴ӳڼﵽ

ȺѹμMetamorphicRock۱ң
Metamorphism  Contact Ӵ μCo-ntact 
Metamorphism۽Ӵã
Metamorphism  Kinetic  μKin-etic 
Metamorphism۶ã
MetamorphismRetrogradeve ˻ μRetrograde 
Metamorphism˻ã
Metasomatism  ڵĿͨ仯ѧֵûֻ
ȫת¿ƾһֹ̡÷ǨƵ루
ԴʯⲿԴʯڲڵĿӦ
öԾõѧҪģΪԿ󴲵ĴҪá
ֿǦп󴲺ɣǱ˹Լ
-͢Ϳ󴲡μGranitizationۻһ
Meteor Crater ʯ ʯıըγɵĻ
ءֻοӲϵ֣ 
1930 ʱ֪Ļ10 1966 33 
ҵ250 صĻʴƻĿǧƣʯ
ûγɵĿӿΪࡣֿӵ־а1ʯ
ڣ2ʯӢ볬ʯӢĴڣγʱѹҪȻɽɵ
ѹöࣻ3Ӱ׶4ʯӢɰҵĴڣ
ʱҪ¶ȸڻɽ¶ȣ5ΧûҡԼûлɽ
мҺ6бͶѵزĳ֡
֪õĳɣݱƿŵԭʯ
ӡֱԼ1200 ס150 ף价Լ߳Χ50 ס
ĳѱбܵѡΧռʯƬ
۽ʯӢɰҡʯӢʯӢʯڣûлɽ
ҡɳذ߰ͶӣɵİӺͼô˵첮Ӷ
ΪǳģŷޡޡĴǡ͢˹ǵ
һ
Meteoric Dust ʯ ʯĴȦʱʯ
γɵСڸϼǺѾ
ʯμCosmic Sediment
Meteoric Iron ʯ ʯгֵȻ
ϽһҲ֣Сʯī͹ΰ塣
Meteoric Water ˮ ԴˮʽĿˮ
atmosperic waterرˮ͵ˮͳͳڡҽˮjuvenile 
atetҽͻɽöɵˮ֡ˮ
cosmic waterΪ΢ʯռġ
Meteorite ʯ ⲿռ䵽һֵʯʯԷ
ࣺʯʯʱҲstones aerolitesʯʯ
ɹοɣʯɣʯʯȺҲ
йοʯʯһΪ࣬ʯʯ
Meteorology ѧ ѧʹѧоԼ
ǴĿѧͬȻʱǸѧʹǣ

ֶ̽ԴеʶԤԼսпơһΪѧ
ѧ֮ŲѧҪо״һ
оżȻԵʵˣһ壬Ӧѧ
ѧҪ֧֮һ
оķоضԼеӦ
ѧΪרѧơѧֳΪѧͳо
Ĺ⡢硢ԼоĻѧɡɡ뽵ˮ
̡ȶѧʱѧУر
ѧСѧǴѧĽǶо˶״
ѧǴ·о״Ӽ۲⵽Ĵ
ѧֵԤǴ·оͬһʱһ
Χõ۲ϣԤı仯ѧ⻹
һЩ֧ѧѧƵıԵѧƣѧũҵѧ
Miarolitic Cavity  Уر𳣼С
״϶ҿľ塣
Mica ĸ ĸһ״οǰ״ϰԺͼ
ȫĽȻбϵȴмԳƣŵ
˽ǽ60㡣ЩͲκεİ״ĸ˺ıƬ
еԣ»ָԭƽֱ״̬Դĸ
״绬ʯԶ޵ԣĸνĸ
һ֣ʱ顣
ĸϵд˵Ŀǰĸĸɫĸ
ĸɫĸĸĸĸҪ״ĸ
ĸСƬ״زڱҺͻСĸش
ΰУΰҲҵĺõĸľ塣
Microcline ΢бʯ ΢бʯһּصΣбʯ 
һͣĸ͵ͬʶʯ͸ʯǴ֪
سʯ΢бʯǻҺͱеҿΰ
سʯǿγɾ޴ľʯӢγ󻨸ңΰе
΢бʯڹҵĿġ
Microfossil ΢ʯ һֻ΢·ܿĻʯ΢ʯ
ʯ͵ʹرãΪСͷƻˡֻͨ޼
׵п׳桢桢ʯͽźܳΪ΢ʯֲ
΢ʯҪǹĳЩࡢӺͻۡСۡǺ
ҲԳΪ΢ʯ΢ʯ΢оЩ֣ 
п׳Ĵ֣徶Ҳɴ2.55 ס 
Micropaleontology ΢ֲѧ ֲѧһ֧о
΢ʯӼСĵۿüġЩ΢ͻʯͨǱ
ʯе΢Ͷֲ塣Щֲֻ΢²ܷ֡
׳͹Щ΢̽еκβãش
ӶΪѰʯ͵ı־ʯǺôġ
Microseism ΢ ڲǳ΢𶯡£΢
ܺ͵޹ϵɸָԭģҡڣĦ
߸Ҫһ纣˶Ժߵĳãˮĸ

Żߵؿʯеĳϫ˶
Mid-Oceanic Ridge м μOceanic Rid- ge󼹣ݡ
Millerite  һһִҪ
ͭɫͨԺɫƵĻΪϸͷ
״ľ塣ǵ¿ھγɻԾʰ
֮СμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Mimetite Ǧ ǦǦĿòϡ״Լ
϶ǦһִΪð
Ǧð䣬ӢMimic ʸݻġμMineralPropertiesۿ
ʣ
Mineral  һȻģȵģ޶̶ͨ 
ɷֺԭеĹ壬һ˵޻γɵġ
MineralCleavage  ָĳЩһƽѿʡ
ѿķܾڲṹĿƣĳһķܵľ
淽ƽСѿʺͿѿķ˵üȫ
õȴʱʾƽеĵηʾ磬ĸмȫ
ĵͨʯвƵν
MineralColour ɫ ĳЩԣɫǻģ
ԣΪҪݡ
磬ȸʯɫģͭʯɫģʯ
ۺɫġΪһҪԪأһ̶ֹɫ磬 
ͭĻͭɫɰɫŻǳͭɫ
ǽɱûɫɫԪɵģ
ЩɫҲԹǿյԪأɫ
ԪصĴڵԵʡ磬챦ʯĺɫʯĸɫи
ڡʯӢ΢ĴɫʯӢɫԭһЩ
ɫھṹдȱѡɵģɫʯ 
ͨΪԭֳɫɫͻɫڿʱ
һЩĿұȾɫ磬ʺɫ̳ʺ
ɫʯɫǳȾɫãʹɫȾЩɫ
MineralDark ɫ μDark Mineral۰ɫ
Mineral Deposit  һֿһ︻оüֵĳ
Ⱦͳ֮Ϊ󴲡һ˵󴲷ࣺ1󴲣2ǽ󴲣 
õȻϡʱΪ󴲵ͬ 
ûдС״״ĺ档
Mineral Hardness Ӳ μHardnessӲȣ
MineralHeavy ؿ μHeavy Mineralؿ
MineralLight  μLight Mineral
MineralLuster Ĺ ĹָһԹķ
صʡһ˵˵ԷΪࣺĺͷǽ
ġĿһֽòľڷǽ
󡣶ĳЩ֮ĿĿһЩ
һ˵ǽص㡣нչ󣬼ʯĹ
ָĲĹָ֬֬Ĺ

пĹһһĹƽĳ
Щƽϣ磬ʯ֬Ϳһ㱡
㣬ϼʯ˿磬άʯ˿һĹ
MineralParting  ָѹ˫
ṹıѿƽ档ƣΪҲƽнᾧѧƽ档
֮ͬڣڿĳЩܵ˫һѹ
ƷС磬ڸͳڴа
μTwin Crystal˫
Mineralogy ѧ ѧоĿѧԿﾧ
ѧͻѧԼǵĳ򣬲״͹ϵо
Mineraloid ƿ׼ ƿ׼ָ
Ȼ޶̬ʣǲκϸĿﶨ֮С
ƿڽҺ̽γɵġʵ
ĳɷкܴı仯Χͨǵʯͺ
MineralPrimary ԭ μPrimary Mine- ralԭ 

MineralProperties ʣμ¼4 ʱ 
һֿĻԡЩȡڿĻѧɷֺڲ
ǼءҪǻѧɷ֡ϵĹ
󡢱ءĽͿɫ
Mineral Resources Դ ɿɲһüֵĿ
ǵ֪Ǳڵ̲أΪԴûɭֺҰ
ͬ
ͨȻڵģ޻ģᾧġҺģʯͣ 
ǹȴᾧúҲлݱģ绯ʯȼϣ
ԴͨΪ4 ࣺȼϣǽˮȼϰ
úͣȻйƷҪԴɣ
ĵԺ͵ԡһн󣬿ɴƬ˿ͳְѽ
ΪĺϽ𣬷С£ 
1.precious metals𣬲諸١
2.nonferrous metalsͭǦпڡ
3.Ͻiron and ferroalloy metalsܡ
̡⡢ٺͷ
4.Сminor metalsۡ࣬飬飬ӣƣﮣþ
غˣϡڣ꣬ѣﯡ 
 ڹķΧ˵жࡣΪͲ٣ﰣҿ8 Ԫء
ΪӦ画٣ﰣҿͽ𣬼ڱеڶϵVbV͢b 
9 Ԫء
 й塣Ͻн̸塣˽nonferrous 
metals Ϊɫʵ߷Χȫͬڴ˴ΪסΪ԰֮ 

 ˴minor metals ϰõrareme - talsϡнָƷͬвͬʲ
֮

غǺܵԴԱӦΪȼϣһԹС
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1.ϡϣճϣˮϣʯʯϣʯ࣬
ԵϣʯҺϡ
2.մɲϡճʯʯҶʯʯҪմɲ
ϣؾʯɰөʯ﮺﮿ܣ
3.ϡѧϺͻϡˮþʯӲˮʯ 
ʯͻճөʯɰʯʯþ׻ңʯӢʯӢ
ңκ±ˮϦʯʯʯʯʯ⾧ʯ
ﯡ
4.ҵÿĥϣʯޣؾʯңʯīĸ 
ɰʯʯϼ˲ϡ
5.ʲϡũʯʯΣ׻ң̼غ
6.ֱʯˮǽ࣬ͨһࡣ
Դ໹ж֡Щݳеĸݿ״
Щ࣬رǰķ࣬˽Դʮãڿ
Ŀ󴲡
ԴһҪԡǵ
ôˣһɳѣԶɥʧⷽ棬ǺĳЩ͵Դ
ˮ̫ߣԼĳЩȻԴũƷľĺԺ
ʳƷͬЩǿġֻȼֿԴ
ԡģҲ˵ĳ̶ֳ϶ѵĹӦв䡣
Уڽĸҵķ绯ʴγɣ±ˮڻĮ
ɣοĳЩѨ˶ѻȡЩ
ʹܡٶҲǺģͬٶԶˣʮ
עܵĹӦÿֿԴٶȡ
ԴĵֲڹӦЩԴǸҪءԴļ
ֵСشйϵҵʹõĴ󲿷ֲϺˮǵֵԴ
ǵļֵȡھʹõصԶɳʯԴˣԽ
ҵ˵˷ҪϲعԶѾʹöࡣ
˾ϣĲϵܹԵΪ롣Զ
50 ⣬ͺСһ棬ֵߵԴвںεغ
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Щӵеĸ߼ֵԴҶöࡣԴĵ
ֲóסʯһӡжʣˣ
غɳذӵ֪ʯԴЩҵľû
ʯ͵Ĳʯܶ衣һֿ
ԴѮӡǡǺ̩ԶҶӵСЩ
Ǹ߶ȹҵңԴԶԶڱĲóǺƽ
İ취ʱó㲻ҪΪ˽ֹìܣΪ 
 ָ﮻ʯĸʯȶԡ

ԱøԴʳͻҲͲɱˡ
˿ԽԽ࣬ĹͼˮƽԿԴҪ
վҵķչĸѸݽߵԴ
İ취һЩǿѧоƷѹ 
µĵ纣󣬶ĳЩѭʹã滮һᷢչ
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ʶҲӳڶԿԴֹעϡѰѹ
ҵҪȾԴڹҵͻ䣬شìܡĳЩ
ԴʹкڻѾú̿ǡµ
Դ̫͵ȣͷӳǴӻǶϽ໯ԴԸ
ܿԴѸݽ߶Ҫ˲
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Mineral Spring Ȫ һȪȪܽﵽɹ
пȪ̼ͨȪȪȪȻȪȻþȪ 
ȻȪȻȪȻȪȡܽ壬ܽĶ̼
ĿȪҲ١ʶˮִӻҺͷ绯Яġ
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һ㶼ܵõЪϢͬǿȪĿɹ֮ĿȪܶ࣬ 
編İ˹ࣨAix-Les-Bainsʿİ͵ǣBadenݿ˵Ŀ
˹͵£CarlsbadɫݵĻء˹˹Hot Springs 
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Minerals Silicate ο μSilicateStru-cture and 
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ĲֵŷǴ½İ˹ϲŵɽ˶
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Խռƣɭؼ١ĺɼĿࡢ
ŷ޳֡׵Ǵģִơ
鶯ķչﵽ壬ŲԭӿҪ佥
Ƚö࣬аֺա¹򡣾һ

ĸߴĶԼ2 ף6 Ӣߣߣڱǳģ
Ϭţһڵƶʳ⶯ǴģЩ
ܴ鳤ࣨаԳڼ
ڼǡīذжӡȺ
ֵزҵʯ͡ʯ
ࡢճͽʯϡ
Misfit Stream ƺ ӹȻ̫̫խĺд
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Mistral ˹ ϲһֵطơ½
ĸѹĴɽеİʱγ˹硣ǵǺ
ذַΪ硣
Modulus of Elasticity ģ 忹ε
Mohorovicic DiscontinuityMohoĪά棨
Ī棩 ൱Ӳĵǣؿǣɽȵɵĵ

󲿷֣ᣣ֮Խ档Īں´Լ10 
½30 40 ҡĪĴǸݵͨʱΪ
֪ġڵʯܶȱĵؿǵܶȴ󣬵ɵؿǽ
ᣣٶȾͻȻӡ
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1960 ˴ؿǺϵᣵ̽ƻνĪ
ƻרŽ̽ڱϽ˳֮
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᣺͵ؿܶȵͻȻıֽֿΪĪά
棬Ī棬ڴ½ƽԭ32 ں
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Mohs Scale of Hardness ĪӲȱ μHa- rdnessӲȣ 

Mold ģӡۣ ѧʷǰӡۡ
μCasts and Moldsģģ
Mollusk 嶯 ෱嶯šˮҲ½
޼׵ߡĵá㡣嶯ﶼ
иʿΪԻʯľⲿ֡ȻЩ嶯 
ȴûпǵġ嶯ḻ࣬ǵĻʯԹ
оֵ󡣲ˣĳЩ嶯ĵûҪ
嶯¼٣ 
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ɡڰռȫڼ䡣
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ںִͣǳḻ
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ĳЩҲУеĵطȴڡȫڼ䡣
4.٣PelacupodaݱĵúȱǡΪ
ʯҲ࣬඼˫ǢڣһͬС
Ӻ͵ȫС
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ǵĻʯмֵǷڹҲеĻʯֵ
ǣǶ״ڷֿ纮ϵҲУ 
ѷͷٻʯ㣬ȣڽĺﻹ 
 еѧ߸ݸʹǰޣְĶǸٺްǸ٣Ϊĸ٣Դ˫񾭸١

 ʱѧǾٵĶǰΪ˫Ǹ٣䳣зĸ㣬
Ƹ١߰״١ͷ˻ͷ١ڸѧʹ
Ķ˫Ǹ٣Bivalvia

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٣ڲṹƣⲿ̬ḻʡͼʾΪ
ϵͳҶ״ṹΪ
Molybdenite  ĿҪʯ
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ҵĳЩҺΰΪ֡ҪĹҵ
ǿݵĿ˹ϸڹ軯Ļ
СμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Monadnock ɽ أˮʴγɵƽԭ֮ϵĹ
ɽꡣˮʴս׶׼ƽԭˮʴô
׵ģвɽ壨ɽǻɿʴǿʯɣ 
ΪԶ׼档͵ĲɽºʲݵĦǵŵ
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ڼڵı仯ʹѹı仯˵Ľǵļر
ġļůʪĿӡ̫ƽ򱱺Ͷ˶ӡ
ȡӡ뵺й£Ϊļ磬˴
Ľꡣڶķ෴ǵıϺͶϷ
ĴС֮ãʵ
Montmorillonite ʯ ʯһճ
ˮܲһֻСʯǰңҪɷݡ
ǻɽʴɵģˮʱͼMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Monzonite  һ״ңбʯسʯʯӢ
5ĳɷֽҺ֮䡣ɫһҲУ 
ɫͨʯĸʯͨʯḻ
ҡ׻ʯʯʯʹ
Moonstone ³ʯ ³ʯĳЩʯ͸֣һЩе׹
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Moraine  һֵò̬һɱɵģ
ڱ֮Ϻͱǵĵӡӡӡӡ 
 ֮⣬еѧ߶嶯ﻹе٣Monoplacophora

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ǰ˶յڻٶȣյ㱣ȶ
һʹʹڱ֮ϡ֮С͵ײЯյȥ 
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ߵλڴͨ417 ס
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ԺõĽСƤʯޡȽϺģᣬСľ״ʯޡ϶ 
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֣Խɺܱ͸ƬӣΪҳĸڲ

ǰĪ˹ƵĸƬĪ˹ƲӢĿ
ƾԴڶĪ˹ƵĹųĪ˹ά
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סϸĥİĸڸݶĲϡͿϺͺǽֽУʹ⣬ 
ΪĽܷ⡣μMineral Properties ۿʣ
Mylonite  ɴʯ龭ĥѹһϸ
ҡҵķŴĹʯ֮˶棨ϲ㣩
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Natrolite Ʒʯ ָˮϹƿҿնУ
Ʒʯʯʯ״壬ʷ״μMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Natural Bridge Ȼ ָͨһϻһɽ֮
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ݹȻŲݰ´ҹɲʴʴǶͻ
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̼ɡһ徭üֵ󡣶ռĳЩ23ĺ
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󲿷֡Ϊ١˴˲ȴܴ 
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У̼ĺԼΪÿǧ35 ֮һԻԭΪ̼ڡȻ
Ŀȼպ󣬻ʣ·ǳ΢Сֱ10 150 ΢ס 
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ȻͲ0.1 صȻƸdrygasÿ1000 Ӣ
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ȻȻƲresidue gassweet gas 
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Ҫе̼ͺкĶ̼͵࣬ή
ĿȼܣӶֵ
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Natural Remanent MagnetismNRMȻʣ ʯγ
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زоѰռʯ·ĺϵʹڰϵ֮ϵ
־ϵֿ˹˼ڽϵϵ־ϵ֮Ľ
ʱ˵ѧʷһ۲ݵ⡣ռǹ㷺ĺ
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άǡ޵ĺԼǵĴ󲿵ڱޣˮǴô
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ͺгĳγǧ׺ĳҡЩɰҡɫ
ҳҺͻɽң򺣵еĳһЩ

ҡʯҺ͸ҳңڸǴ½ǳĺгĳ
ɫҳҺдʯεȺ嶯Ǩ㣬鲼
ءʱΪһ֡޵ĳ
Щռ͵ıʯʿ°ϵʯֵЩʯЩ
׼ʯʹռ͵زܹд½ĶԱȡʯ֮ʹǽ
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ڰռͽ֮ʣ޶ݵŦһ¡
ɽ䶯ΪɽˣдɽʯΡŦԼݶ
ɽ¡İռ͹½ʴ
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ʮȷ֤ݡͺ嫵İռͺķչ
˴ĺֲ޼׵ǵĳΪʯ
Ϲ㷺ش֡ЩȺ͵Ҳں
ռҪλҶ㶯ʱࡣ벻ͬ
ɺա١ٺϡԼһ
ҪǾֱ׶״ǵرͷķһЩڽʯ 
4.5 ף15 Ӣߣ֪ڰռʱڵ̦޺棬õ
˿㷺ķչ
ռ͵ֵע¼Ϊ֪ļ׵ĳ
֡ɽռмǼ׺Ƭ֪ЩСĴ׵
ڵİĿйء
ռʯиֿŵݱʥ˵ɰҽ
ѡõĴʯӢɰǲɰҪԴݺͷݿɰռ͵
ңвˮࡢ׷ۡϺͽʯϵʯ
ҡ˹ϲŵݱ°Ǧпɽв
µİռͽ˴ʯͺȻ
Ore ʯ ʯǿԴȡһֻýĿļ
塣ʯпмֵĽЩʯͨûмֵĳ
֮ΪʯĿеػһ𡣡ʯһʺпＯԱ
ȡӮ˼ļ۸ߵʱʯֵÿɵģ
۸񽵵͵ɿʯǲõʱͲٿǿɡ
ϰϣʯһʹȥָǽ򼯺壬
󵽰ΪǽԴȻʡԻһĿʯ
Ӳʯһɰ
ore Body  һֻмֵĿ塣ڴС
״ı仯ܴ󣬲ڿѧΧ
ֻмֵĽĿ٣ͨռıܸߡ
Ore Deposit  ȷλõģȻģ㹻
оüֵĿＯ塣μMineral Depositۿ󴲣
Ore Dressing ѡ ѡʹмֵĽʯõĿ
Ĺ̡ѡʹõķȡڽʯʡѡ󷽷
Էеѡ;編Լԭʼֹֹѡ

Ore Shoots  ָмֵĿ㹻ĸ

õؿɵһֿ塣磬ںʯӢУĴ󲿷ʯӢ 
ڹ״壨壩ڡ
Orogeny ɽ˶ ָɽγɡָʹɽ
巢ɽʯεҪ̡Ҫָһֹ̡
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ڵؿϵļѹġͶϲʹѹɵӦͷţʹ
̡
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ڣںͰڣԼڻںڡ
ŷޣռͺ־͵ļﶫ˶γ˾޴ɽӰ
˹άǣȻɽɽ˶ϸڹϵ
ϱﶫ˶˶ͬʱġĳЩ
ѧۣɽŷɽԭġ
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󲿷֣ڸɽĲַͬ˲ͬǿȵıΡɽʱ
ռ־͡ɽ˶ʱ񰢿ɽ˶
ܺõرȷǾΪӰ˱кϰǲֵ
ؿʯЩʯʱӱϦڣʯ̿ͣ
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Ϊص㡣ֽ񰢰ɽĵβֻЩ¼йأ
ڰɽ˶󲻾õ½˶йء
νڻɽ˶ıκɻڣڼ
ǡڻոԡʢٺͰԼе߸ױǵĲֵС
Թ㲼ӵͶѻԼ޴ĻһΪ
㡣ʼ٪޼ͣԼڴ󲿷ְѼͣڲͬĵֵʱ
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һɽɴݵıͭԼĽǦ
ͬʱĻɻйأĻɻγЩеĿ󻯴
Orpiment ƻ ƻһʻɫǦ
ͽкۻƹƻƲݵ
Ĭлڻ̹ƻͿϣ;û
ȥΪжμMineral Prope- rtiesۿʣ¼4

Orthoclase ʯ ʯǼΣǳʯеһԱǵ
бģб΢бʯһͬ˫ͳƼسʯ
ʯǻһͨݡμMineral Propert-iesۿʣ
Orthorhomic System бϵ бϵĵζ
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Ostracod  ͺС˫ǰˮ׿Ƕκ΢͵
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Ostracoderm  ԭʼ㣬١ִ
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ݡ׵Ǽ׵ƬڶĳЩϵʯС

㣨A־Сԭʼ㣬ͷС׹ǡԽˮ
ĸΪʳHemicyclaspisB㣬ͷƽ̹Ķ״ףȫ
йǼףǳˮӵףĴ̳Сʳ
Outcrop ¶ͷ ¶ڵرκεؿʯԵѧ˵ڸ
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Outwash ˮ ˮĳҪˮӱЯ
½ϳʲ״ͽɰʯԽԶˮԽ
ϸѡͷֲԽãøԲִıˮܺжֲ
źǣԭıˮһ޻ʯΪĸûжֲ
档ˮڱ׶γģڼůʹ
˲ˮڱƽ׶Σ䣬γɴ
ˮʱˮ١⣬һЩڱƽڼıˮˮڸ
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ͱǰ޶ɱˮɵġ
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Outwash Plain ˮƽԭ ɱˮڱǰԵɰ
ʯγɵĳ϶ɵĿƽԭƽԭγڱǰԵ
ƽ̹ĺǰбģˮӱϻӱڵͨĵط
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ʮЩƽԭ½ԭϵһγڴ½ԭӻ
ӵıǰ沿λϵһƽԭձѨڿƵ½ǡ

԰ͳմ˹ǡִŵ˹
¹Կ͵ıˮƽԭμOutwash[ˮ
]Valley Train[ȱ]
Overland flow  رӷˮߵӽӲۡ 
ĴˮƽĵǱƬӲǲ
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Oxide  ǺһֻԪصĻڿ
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ĻʯѣһӣڶǸ
ֲȼ۵ĽԭӳھṹĲͬλϣ磬⾧ʯ 
þMgAl2O4Ŀ磬 
ˮþʯþMgOH2
Oxidized Zone  ϲܵرˮЯ̼
лõǸλӵر쵽̼л
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ǦԼп켫пп
Oxyshere Ȧ Ȧǵ沿֡ʯȦ
[Lithosphere]
Ozone  һֽɫԴһ㲻̫Եɫ塣
ķԭӹɵġе񵭵ζҪ
ߵĹ⻯ѧγɵġȻж΢ķֲ
Ҫзֲھ10 50 ֮ĳ㡣˴󲿷־
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ڳĶǿ̫䣬ѧǷǳҪ
ġǿ̫Ľʹھ50 ĸ߶ȸ¶ȷǳ
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ơֲѧоֲѧ֣ӵѧ֣̽ҲǺ
ġʢд߷ѧչֲоЩΪ΢Сֲ
мֵ΢ʯѱʯ͵ѧʯͺȻĿ̽С
Paleocene Epoch  ϵһԼʼھ
6500 ǰԼ1100 ꡣԭȣ1833 ꣩˹ʿ
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оЩطǴɺʯճʯҡɰҺ̿ɡ
ڱޣīʥءݵĴء
ɴݺϱݡҲ¶̫ƽ󰶺ī
ذƽԭŷޣǳڵ¹ʱӢϲ
ձůʪ̬ʼ
п׳桢ࡢࡢƤԼͶ
㡣½鶯ǴģȻûػԽСа
ԭʼʳޡʳĿ޺ŷ뱱½
Ʊ½ֹ֮½š޵൱Ĳ𣬱
ô½ʱǹġֲ̬ϸӽִ鵡ާࡢҶ
ԼԻֲﶼǴġҺͻɽҳīݡ
ɴݵʱ൱ǿĻɽֳ
ƽؽľԴ൱ޣǲճ
̿ҺһЩ
Paleoclimatology ѧ оȥڸԭŵ
ԼоʷõġѧоԾ˵ԭ
ΪǰᣬýѾ֪Щܷӳصָʾȡ
ѧҪ˽򡢽ʽԼ̬ѧ֪ʶ磬ɺ
ҪůǳУʯȴֲﻯʯϼ½֣
мֵĹָʾúȴȴúïʢֲ
γɵģϼ½ֵЩú㣬ǰӦڽůγɵģ 
Ͱʾϼ½йů͵򡣷ɰеĽ
ζڸɺγɵġҡԼйص
̬ڹȥĵʷʱڸõشڱ¡
Paleoecology ̬ѧ оԶֲͶȺ뻷໥ϵ
ѧơʷϵĹоڸõ˽ԶŵȻﻷ 
ЩȺ鼰价
Paleogene Period ϵ Ĺʼͽ
ϲһһʱλڰѵͱʾΪһķУ
ǵ͵ϵʱڣ֮µ͡
Paleogeographic Map ŵͼ »ָĳһĸĵ
ʷʱڵҪصһͼͼɿԳ¶ʯ뻯ʯ
ۺƶ϶ƳġͼĽƶϵĳ
ĹŴЩƶǸִﻷбȽ

ġͼľȿܴȡڳ¶ʯʱ
Լʼ¼ʡ
Paleogeography ŵѧ оŴ½ֲ໥ϵһ
ѧŵѧͨԳҼĻʯĽԭŴ½
ֲʱĸҪļͺĹŵͼѾƳÿ
ԴԤṩ
Paleogeology ŵѧ оʷĳһڽ׶εĵ
͵¼ĿѧоڱƹŵͼԱʾʷϽ
ĳһʱڵЩطѱǡ
PaleomagnetismFossil Magnetismŵشѧʯѧ 
оʱڵųĴСͷһſѧʺΪŵشųָ
ʾʯҺͷֲõĺɫɰңǾиߵĴȶȡ
ЩʯΪָʾıǺͨС10
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ر϶ʼȴȴ¶575£С
СеһͿʼʹԼƽڵشųķС
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λʯСɰУŻɵʵڳ
гʱشųġڵųĴСͷڱ仯 
ʹγɵĴŻʯеԭŻֻСֱʣΪȻʣ
ԣNRM
ŵشѧִ֧½Ư˵ѱ֤õģһṩ
شųǺ㶨䣬ܹı֤ݣشųĴżת
Paleonology ѧ Ӣϣﹹʳɷ֣Paleo=ţonto= 
logy=ѧơѧоʯѧơѧоɹ
ḻǶԹŶֲ˽⡣ڻʯ
࣬ѧ˻ΪĸҪ֧
ֲѧоֲﻯʯǵķչ仯߷ѧǹֲѧ
һ֧о߷ۺڸʱڵķֲ
޼׵ѧо޼ﻯʯаԭ΢С
ĵϸࡢࡢ࣬Լʷǰ
е޼
ż׵ѧомĻʯࡢࡢࡢ
ͲĻʯǵ͵ļ׵ﻯʯ
΢ѧо΢СĻʯֻʯΪ΢ʯͨ
΢СֲĿǻƬЩ΢ʯ΢С̽豸˲ˣ 
ôˡ˶ʯ͵ѧұʶҲ㣬رмֵ
Paleozoic Era  6 ǰǰͽ2.25 ǰ
ʼ֮ǰһֳ߸ʱλ͡ռ͡
־͡͡ȼ͡ϦǼͺͶ͡Ŀʼ־
ŵʷϵһȷļصĿʼԳֺͷҪ޼׵

Ϊص㡣ǵĻʯδŶĹʯʹп൱׼ȷ
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ڸô½ı¶ȽޡҲŷޱ
Ĵǡ޺޳¶ЩʯдɹŴгĳ
ɣຬʯرḻ
Paleozoology Ŷѧ оﻯʯѧơ·ֹ޼׵ѧ
͹ż׵ѧ޼׵ѧо޼ﻯʯԭ
΢СĵϸࡢɺͺǵȶֶĶﻯʯż׵
ѧо㡢жͲмĶ
Palynology ߷ѧ  оӺͻۻʯѧơ
Pangaea Ϲ½½ κɵĴ½ƯۣϹ
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Ƶ첻еѧҶһ½ġЩƲڹ
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ӡȣ޺ϼɵĸɹ½һЩ˽½Ϊʷ
½ռݵĿռʮŷ
֤ݣ½Ư˵õ˹㷺ĳϡǰѧ˵һֱкܴ
ۡ
κɱǵһͼָϹ½״ˡĹԼ
ЩѧҵĹѵزֽ½Ϊģ
ɰơŶԺźͰ鹹ʶѧ
׷½ƯƵ·ǣǵĴ½ԭδϹ½ľγ
Լϡλá
1970 ܴ꣬ѧѧʵҵĿѧ
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꣬½ʼԼ2.25 ǰʱڡǻȷ
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 ˴Ĳ̫׼ȷָ塣߷ѧΪ ӻѧļƣԹŽֲ߷۵о
ڡ Ҫ֧һ֧о߷ۣ߷ۻʯһ֧о ߷ۡPolynology ϵ
ͳƣ ֻо߷ۻʯо߷ۻʯƹ߷ѧӢ дʱʾ
Paleopalynology 

Paragonite ĸ ĸһֺˮΣһĸ 
Ͱĸĸ
ĻѧɷݡĸռŰĸмصĹλá
Parallel Drainage ƽˮϵ μDrainage Patt- ernˮϵͣ 

Paramorph  һԭͬɷݵļ񣬷ʯ
ʯɸһͨӣΪͬɷCaCO3
Parasitic ConeLateral Coneɽ׶ɽ׶ 
޴ĸϻɽ׶ͶܻɽϵĻɽ׶Сɽǽ
ɽ׶Ϊɽ׶йͬʣɴų
ɽʡڻɽﵽĳһ߶ȣҽӻɽɽɽ
ڸʱγɼɽ׶ﵺɻɽһܻɽ 
Ĳ200 ɽ׶ĵðǺͻΤɽҲ
岼ļɽ׶˹ɽɳ˹ɽһɳ˹͢
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Parting   μMineral Parting []
Peat  ̿ ɲָûԭֲﹹɵĿ㡣ɫ֣ʺ״
Լ60̼30⡣ǽĸľģڻˮȱ
ĻУֲʷֽγɡ̿úɹ̵мĳ
Щȼϡ
Pectolite Ƹʯ ƸʯǺˮĸƹο״Ϻ
ʯƣҿնϣͷʯʯʯʯ
Ƹʯһɫļ壬ܼ⣬ܴƤμMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ 
Pedalfer  Pedalfer һ¼ɣPedon 
˼al fer ֱǡ͡дǺд
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ǨƵB вͬʱơءþӺ̼
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B Сϲͨǵɫɭָǡůˮ
600 ׵ĵطáһֲĶ
ͱŷμHorizonsA-B-CA 㣬B 㣬C ݡ
Pediment ´ԭɽǰʴƽԭ ָͨһ㱡ɢʯ
бƽƽ̹Ļ档´ԭǸɺɽ´ȵɽ
µĵ͵ΣЩ´ԭ滺ɽߣγɽ´ͨ
´ԭγɵģһġһЩΪ´ԭ
Ƭʴã˵ˮʴɡһ̲ʹ绯
˼ңҵɢӱʱЩҲĥʴ˻档һ
ʱ֮һ̾Ϳܵ´ԭγɡһЩΪ´ԭ
ɴɽĺˮʴɵġںϵ任
źӵͿʴһƬ´ԭ档󣬻һֻԴۣ´
ԭɷ绯ƬʴԼĲʴ͸ĵõĽ

Pedocal Ʋ ϣPedon Cal ɡPedonCal 
Ƶд̼ƺǳߵһּƲγڽˮٵĵ
ֲǲݱľ¶Ƚϸߡëϸˮ
ڵ渽˴̼ơڽˮ㣬ֳʺ٣ 
Լѧ绯úճγɹҪʪƲһֲ
Լٵĵ
Pedology ѧ ѧоԡɡγɹ̡
úͱһſѧѧ뻯ѧѧѧѧ
ѧϵ
Pegmatite ΰ ϸйϵķǳ
Ļҡ״Ϊǽ֣ȫ
ΧڽΧڡȻΰҵĴС仯൱󣬵һСģ 
ĳ3 Щ1 ҡ
ȻΰҿԺʯйأ뻨ҹ
˵ΰָΰҡЩСĴҽᾧ
õֹࡣشʯзʱˮӷ
ֱŨΪĲָ֡߶Ȼʣΰγɣ
ҽͬһǨߵϡԪأڼĴҿ
幹˵ǵԭӲ̫̫Сҽᾧ
òҵͨ壺ʯӢʯĸΰѷ
壺5 صʯӢ壬100 صĽĸ
ٶصĳʯ
ҿ⣬һЩΰҼ಻ĿΪϡԪ
ΰСʯʯĸʯ﮻ʯ
񡢽̱ʯ಻ĿＸȫΰҡȻЩͨ
϶ȱݣд󲿷͸ıʯƷ֣żȻΰҶв
ΰʲ״ǽϴıʯƷֵԴ
Pelagic Environment Զ󻷾 ʱֳΪˮָ
ȫˮԡԶ󻷾ϷΪ󲿷֣ǳNeritic½
Ĵ󻷾еиӾﶼ
ܾһС
Pelagic Sediment Զ ϸʣЩ
ʻϲ½أɺʡϸ
СĶֲкɵģࣩҲճʻ
ﹹɵġٶȺÿ1000 ֻм׵1 סֳ
ʽɵĽǣԶһʽϱġȽϾȵĳ㣬
ײĵûʲôϵԶ½Դкܴͬ
ڵϽϵ͵Ĳλ
Pelecypod  嶯Ÿ١ǶƬʿ
꣬֡һٵĶһˮУԺ󻷾
ࡣƣܡЩĵãźףеĸ
ȱˮеĸԼͨĵˮݱҲ
ࡣ
ĿǶ̼ƹɣÿƬǰ㶼н

ʡǵ棬ʲʻơǵ״ʽ
Ǹģп๣ǿǵϵĲ֡ʹСΪ⡣
С1 ׵ļ֮ϴӴĳᣬɴ2 ס
еں׳еѨཬʯľ
С
Peles T ears  ƵĻͻɽŮ
״ġԲ״ġ״Ļ״Ĳ״
Σ6 13 סΪСҺҵ緢ڷй
̡ͷǹߣʱ2 ׳γҺ
ҵα緢ʱͨҺЩڷй̽ᣬ 
ϿԱ紵Ӣ֮⡣ðǺͻΤɽ
ڼ䣬ĵձ鷢ͷ
Pelycosaur  жĿѾƲ鶯
දԭϦǼͺͶڼ䡣
ϣPely-ǡ̡˼̣һǱ
һ״ͻ֧ڳļϡǵݾо֤ 
еԲݣеʳ⡣
Peneplain ׼ƽԭ ݣûʲô᫵ĵ棬ˮʴѭ
еһ׶ΡҪˮʴƷչɵġ׼ƽԭ
̲ʯƣʴ׼Լϵ׼ƽԭһ
ƬġĵɣʯӲζƽˣ
񣬵رг㡣һϵ׼ƽԭϵĺʾشļ 
ԴλڿǳĹȵУӴѵ㣬̧ĳ
γȵء׼ƽԭܵʴôϵ׼ƽԭԸݷ嶥
߶ȷͬĵȼÿһȼɽλͬһ߶һϡһ
Ĺ׼ƽԭѾڰɽɽԭԼ
˹ɽʶ˳
׼ƽԭıϣ׼ƽԭۡ
۵һ۵ǣ½ǲ᳤ȶˮȥʵ׼ƽԭõġ
֤һʵǣڲûзֺƽһ߶ϵ׼ƽԭ
߶ȴŵȼԿʯĿʴԵĲͬ¡ֵȸ滹
ԭγɣ1ʴҲʴðƽֱ
ʴǿĵز㣬ԭ2˶γɵ׼ƽԭһ
ĵȸںȸҲ½зֲǰں
ܴʱγɵģ3ĮڰʴγбƽĻ¶
´ԭΪɽ´׼ƽԭݵɽͻݵĴ
ɽǰν׼ƽԭڱΪ´ԭ棻4Ĳʴ
ʹﵽͬһ߳漴ν׼ƽԭá
Ѿʶڵص£ʴ±¶׼ƽԭ
ֵ׼ƽԭmor-vanĪԭ׼ƽԭ
ϲƤظԭԵϵġٲ׼ƽԭԼô
ǰʯȶ׼ƽԭ
Pennsylvanian Period ϦǼ ʱһͣʼھ
3.2 ǰʼȼ֮ڹĶ֮ǰԱ

ϦݵΪŷʯ̿ϵϲ൱ʱڵʯ¶
޵Ķд½ÿ˹޵
ɽī硢ࡢصرݺڻݣ 
Լؼǵе߸ױǺͰ˹ӵ̫ƽŷޣ
Ϧϵʯ̿ϵʯӢ¹ʱ
Ͱ˹й㷺ֲҲĴǡϷǡ
йʺӡȱ
ڱϦǼʱڵĴ󲿷ʱڲһƬĿ
ĵ͵ءƬů͵ر㷺ֲާࡢоϲʪֲ
ɭָšЩֲγǡӡڰɡ
ŵ˹ϦԼúĴúЩúܼƴԼ
52 ƽ20 ƽӢ½ ͹㷺ֲú
ŷҲƵвرŵݣúз
زͺǺĽ㣬ƽر
ȻڱƽؽϵļɽĻ
֡
ձƶϱϦǼ͵ůʪȴȴ
ʡǾֲҲиɶ֤ݡ
ϦǼʱڵĺ˸ָɺࡢ
̦޺ࡢٺϺ嶯ǳġԵķĴεп׳֮Ϊ
Ĵ棬ʱǴֵġЩʯȫĵ
ɡܶҪļ׵Щػģ3 
ף10 ӢߣȻټڱϦʯѾҵ
֪Ļʯֲﻯʯʮַḻʾʱֲ
ާࡢľ͸ߴر࣬ǵ̿˱Ϧ
ϵעĿķḻú̿ԴܵĴʽɭܾŴ֩
롢Ыӡ棬а10 ף4 Ӣ磩ſ
74 ף29 Ӣ磩ѡ
80ú̿ŷ޺ͱ޵ıϦǼʯЩʯҲ
ʯͣرڵÿ˹ݡݺͿ˹ݵв⣬ 
ݵıݵıͱϦݻ
첨ˮʯճԼճƷ
Pentlandite  һҪ
ͨڻԻУͭ󡢴Ż
ֹУŻռѹﱻСΪ
ʹŻͬǳƵͭɫ۹۲Ǻǵġ
ǣŻдԣûдԣǿôŵķӷ
˵ļзǡһЩУҪǴ
ģ簲Ե²а͵ͱ˵ĪǴ
μMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Perched Water Table Ǳˮ в͸ˮڵˮ
֮ϵıʹĶˮ˶衪ͨճҳҲ
޷´ˮʱγˮ档
Ǳˮ

͸ˮҲֹˮ͸Ǳˮγɹˮ塣
Perennia1 Stream  ˮĺֺĺӲ۵ڵ
ˮλԻõˮȶ
Peridot 魱ʯ 魱ʯһֿΪʯʯı֡Ȼ
魱ʯнϵ͵Ӳȣ6.57ǣ̵ɫʹΪ
עĿıʯʯ캣еʥԼʯľ
ӡذ˵зֹ
Peridotite  һҪɰɫɵĻңɫ
ͨб仯Χܴʯͻʯͨʯĸ
ʯҪɻʯʱͽлʯңҪʯʱͽ
ҡ
Perjod  һʱȴ̱ĵʱλѧеÿһ
Ͷһضʱ׶Σǵƴ󲿷ֶһЩصƣ
ЩطоЩ͵ʯϦǼͱɱϦ
ģϦǼʯ¶ͷڵʱڵһ
ļγɵʯ֮Ϊϵѧҳ12 ͣ7 
ڹ3 2 μGeologic Time Scale 
۵ݡ
Perlite  һֻɽͬ״γɵС
СǦ󣬴㶹ɲȴڼѶ
γɡҳɷ֡
Permafrost ö ¶Զڱҡ
Һˮöλڡ㡱棬㡱
Լһڶ춳ᡢڽ⡣öǲ 
¶ȶӡЩطö580 סԼ22½
ööֲΪİ˹ӡô
ǡγöƽ¶Ȳøڡ2档ĽӺ
ûöʷǰëëϬţʬǺͰ˹ӵö
Ѿ˼ǧꡣöϵĽö
Ƚи룬ͻسû¡ˣڱƶ
ù滮ʱöһҪ⡣
ö
öԼռ½20% 
Permeability ͸ ָһˮ崫ˮֺҺ
ԡ͸ܹҺ塣͸ȡڿ׶
Ϳ϶СЩ϶ӳ̶Ρճ϶ȿܱɰ󣬵
ΪͨرϸСëʹҺ޷ͨ͸Ծͺܵ͡ɰΪ
еĿ׵͸һҲ͸ɳ͸Զڵˮ㡢Ͳ
ˮ͡Ŀٶȣһֵľã͸
ĴСоġ
Permian Period  һ͡ʼھ2.8 
ǰ5500 ꡣ1841 R. Ĭɭʿģȡ
˹ɽĲķPermʯҲڵ¹Ӣ
ޣرӡȵ룩ޡޡĴǺͶӡȺ֡

ڱޣвԼ˹
ӺͼôĴ󲿷ֵ¶áȺӹԶ͵ĺ
ʮټ
½㷺ֲҺͺ㣩Ҳܳ
īݣĿ˹ͶѨڿܵĿƤ̹ұˮܽγɵ
¶ҡ
Ŷ͵Ľսᡣһ¼ɹϵİز
塢¡γɾ޴ɽ־Űʱ
ڵһϵɽ¼еһڡ
ڶʱڣ޵ĺʹ½ձ¡޴ı
˹ӡĴǡ޺ϼ޵ұΪǶ
ͱϦǼʱϰͼ亮֤ݡϷǵĵΤ
ұһĽ죬ΪǴ½Ư۵ǿ֤ݡ
ҳڿ˹ݡīݶϲͶҲʮַ
Щʯκʯ˾ֲĸɺ½ڵķ֧ڻ
ɹУµĲʯΡ
Щľ޴仯Ҳ͵ϣҶ桢
١ܣĴ..㶯ĳЩ߶ػֵҪȺʧ
һЩʯԼ͸ĳЩԽԽ֡
࣬Ϊ߶ػࡣĿǳ
ģԱϳĹʴΪص㡣ЩƤһʹֶ
мһһЩжڵ棬
ͿȡһදȺƲ޿Ŀǿǲ
ȡ͵ֲϦǼкܴúֲ
ȽҶֲֲ档
вĶϵʯʯȻÿ˹˹
īͶݲʯΣīݡÿ˹ݡݡ
˹ݡϴݡ°ݺͶݲʯࣻݡ
ݺͻݲƣһֿϣ¹ĵÿ˹ī
ݲΣŷޡӡȡйĴǺط͵
úΪɵú
PermineralizationPetrifactionȫãȫʯ
ã Ŵл屻֮ӲĲֱҺ
ȡԱһ̳֮Ϊȫ󻯡ֿҺͨԵ
ˮˣ׵Ĺͷͼ׿ǵкеĿϸ΢Ŀ϶
Ϳ׷гĻʯ̽ʯãΪȷȷʵʵ
ʯͷֿʹлļӲֱøӲˣֿܵ绯
ԵڱĻʯԳ֮Ϊʯľʯ
ǡȵȡ
ʯʯĻʯȻ֪ʯ
ﻹкܶࡣʯľʯΪġһľͷ
֮󣬼ѭĵˮˮеĿ϶Ϳ׵ 
ˮкпʣͨǶ衣ȫ˵ֲˣ
ʴҲˡ

Perthite Ƴʯ ֳʯ壬Ǽسʯͨ
΢бʯᴩƳʯСƬ屻ͳȴ
Ĳڸ£һһĳʯĽṹɼ
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ǨƳγƳʯСƬ
Petrifaction ʯ ľлڹܽ
ΪʯʵĹ̡ʯðԶļӲֶ
μPermineralizationȫãȫʯã
Petrified Wood ʯľ ľʯûȫãȫʯ
ãΪʯֲﱻڳԺ󣬺ˮֲԭ
ľ֯ˮ͸ľУʻֲ
źĹܿ׺ͿմҲУʯľܳ
ɣʯɭֹҹ԰ʯľúܡǧټƵɺͲ֦ 
ҳģ绯ʴѾȫ¶μȫ
áȫʯãݡ۹軯ľݺRtplacement۽ã
ãݵ
Petrogenesis ʯѧ оʯʯѧ֦
һָҵĳ
Petrography ѧ ʯѧķ֦ʯоر
΢о
Petroleum ʯ Ȼ̼⻯ѧ̼⻯ȫ
ܺ͡ʣ絪򣩡̡Һ̬ڵ¡ʯ͡ 
һʼָԭͺȻԡΪʯ΢СĶֲź仯
ġǱʷǰǳɳУϸķֽ⣬Ȼ󼴳Ϊ̼⻯
лձΪʯ͵Ḷ́δ˽⡣ʯ͵ɣ
Ҫʱ䣬Ҫиѹ͸¡󲿷ҳ̫ܡ̫ʵʯͺȻ
ɰҺʯȴп϶ΪնԿ϶ȱʾ
ɺۻնִͨҲǿ͸Ҳ㡣
ʹڶնͿ͸涼õͲеʯͲ
ڴҲɡʹҲ΢΢Ҳԭ
˹źˮгʯͽ룬ˮߡˮ
δȫơʵϣͲУˮֺͬ͡ʱ洢ڿնС
ĳЩ£ƶеͻʯϰȲ
͸ֲƵֹͣƣ͵ػбϲ㡢Լ
Ͳ϶ȡ͸Է仯ʯƣγɴ͹죬ʹ
ʯͻΪпɼֵʯ͸Ͳ㡣ʯڴͲеĻۣ
Ȼ͵ˮѭЭͬõĽ
ʯͳڵؿĳЩ־ۻ֪ʶִʯͿж
õӦáǸоΪʯʷǰеĹϳγɵģ 
ֻС͵ΣɢڳлˮȻĳ 
Ȼʯͬͱˮᣬᣬߺ׷뿪ƹ
У͡һ㶼ˮϻͨʯ档͡ 
ǧꡢǰ棬ɢڴСʯͲûܹ⣬Щ
ʯͻǱؿùɵĴ͹

͹Уʯ͵ѧң̽ѧңҪо¶
ʯоƳɵͼҲҪ̽Ƴ̽ʯ
顣ܶʯ͹˾õѧͣúͼ¼µĵ
ǡõ̽ͨըС˹𡱣ڵؿн
ġ𲨡¼Ūʯ͡ԼǷʵĴ͹
졣
ڵؿҲ㣬Ȼ͡ҪԴѸټ
ķԴҪǶԴȤҳҾ
һֺǰ;Դϸṹʯǵʱγڹź
źײĳ㡣Щˮеźˮ
ײΪʯ͡ҳҿΪȼϣҲʯͺͿȼ
ҳҵ֪ƿ2 Ͱʯ͡͵Ľɰtar sand
һԱʯǱԴô󰢶ʡ˹
AthabascaĽɰһֺ̼⻯󣬹ʯԼ6 Ͱ
ࡣһֽ״ʯʹƷֺɫĽ״ʴӽɰ
ΪҺ̬Ϳ϶ʯ͵һԴȻҲͬҳҵ
ͬӽɰʯͣǷñȽϰ󡣶ʯ
Ժֻʣ´ϣٻء
Ϻܶطѷʯ͡ʱڴӺ͵ͶС
˹ݡ·˹ǡǡ
˹ŵͻݣҲʢʯ͡ǡж
ءɳذ˺ʣǣӡŴ
ĳЩ
ʯ
͵ıбͲ㣨a ʯͺȻ͸ˮңɰңγɵ
Ǳˮ֮ϣϸв͸ˮĹңҳңbɰҲеʯͲ㣬 
в͸ˮҳұûɢʧCΧĵزʴ״
бʹʯʹܷ״̬ʯҲʯ֮γɡ
ңίĸױǣôī磬ҲҪʯ
Petrology ʯѧ ѧķ֦оʯʯ򡢲״
ɷ֡ṹ͹죩ʯѧʯѧоʯ򣩺ѧ
ʯͷ࣬ر΢
Phacolith ҼҰ γĲ״ʯйصĻ
塣Ҽһڱбļбİۡںǿ
ΣһЩҼε񲿷ֺǧסһЩѧ
ΪγҼҽûʯ䣬ǱҲ
֮ճĿռ䡣
Phanerozoic  ʱһķڣжֲ
֤ݵǲֵʼ¼ʱ˵ʷĴԼ10 ʱڣ 
ҪӦʯ
Phenocryst ߾ һǶУұȻʾö
塣һ˵ִעĿľʯǰҡ߾С
ܴϸʯа߾ֻ12 ףڴʯпɴ10 
֮

Phlogopite ĸ ĸĸеһԱɫģ
þʣһ鼫ȫĽؽɽ˺СƬĸ
ƬͰĸһõģҪľԵϡֿڱ
þʻһ򳬻γɵġμAsterism ǲԣǹԣݣMineral 
Proper- ties ʣ
Phonolite  ɷϼʯͬϸɽҡҪǸ
Ƶʯϼʯ⣬ͨлʯʯԼƳʯ
ʯ
Phosphate  ӣPo-3
4 һ໯
໯رӴ250 ϡǴ
ⶼǺټġԭο׻ʯ
ں̶ܴ׻ʯʴá
Phosphate Rock  һҪɵĳҡ׿
ҡ
Phosphorescence ׹ ׹һֿɼķڵ·
ƿȻ⡣
ӦýөөҪر¶ڼ
֮¡׹仯ǺܴģЩֻ֮һ룬
һЩӡ
PhosphoritePhosphate Rock׿ңң һ
ҪɵĳҡȻΪſ֣Ϊ
ǳʯҵĲ״塣׿ҿɼ׵Ĺ
ĳЩ֫㶯Ľγɣ඼ڳ˱
븻ķ㣬͹Ŵķ໯ʯ׿ҵγ
йء׿ϡķɡ
Լϲо߾üֵĿ󴲣һЩطֲ
ôͻ˹ǡ
Phyllite ǧ ɰĸʯʯӢɵһֱ
ҡʯĸĿܴʹʯ˿ЩǧҾ
бĶǿɱϵʯĸʯӢ䡣ǧɺ
ճγɵʯɣڳѻ
档³ĳ¶ȺѹﵽԲѧӦȡѧǲ
¿ʹеʯתǧҵҪԭ
Phyllonite ǧ رɹʯѹģ
ṹһֱҡһصرܵ˴
˶ֱϲдһЩѹؽᾧ
ԼһЩĸıʹʯ˿
£ǧʯǧƣɲͬıʹγɡ
Phyllosilicates ״ ״ɹһ
޵Ĳ״һΡĹ쵥λʱֳΪ㡱
ʹ״οеÿﶼа״ϰԣһȫĽ
ڲ״УSiO25ӳЩķʽУ 
绬Mg3Si4O10ݣOH2ʯMg6Si4O10ݣOH8һ
һЩҪĿĸʯ

Physiography ѧ μGeomorphology۵òѧ
Phytosaur ֲ ж1.5 7.5 ֮䡣
ֲλϰԶơֻڱѡ
ΪжУֲͬȺֲֻʱڡ
Piezoelectricity ѹ ѹָڻеӦھ
ĵѧϵļԡеľ嶼ѹԣѹԵľУ
ƽĳᾧѧʩѹʱŻԡҪʾѹԣ
ûжԳĵĶԳеһЩһᡣ 
ʩѹӾͻһˣɣһ˲
ɡ
ѹ1881 Ƥͼӿ˹״ηֵģֱ
һսǰûʲôôֺµǱͧ
һʯӢƬʱѹ̽1921 귢֣ʯ
ӢѹԣͿߵƵʡһеĶʯӢƬ
ڽĵ·УʯӢƬƵʺƵһʱͻ
е񵴡԰ƵʯӢߵпƵʣʹ֮
ͽյƵʺ㶨
ʯҲѹԵģ˲ʱѹļơ
Pillow Lava ״ ״״״ѻɵ
ʻɽңϲ״²Ϊֱһ
ԼΪ1 ףԳ4 סԵɲɣδʴ
ɳĻڲнᾧ̶ȸߵʡ֮Ŀռ
Ժв״飨ձʴΪǴϰ
ģ⻹к
˵ĦȺش˶ʱγɵġˮӰ
ذĽԷΪط״
뺣㻥㡣ڸױǺҸԭУ
״ڼôǰ״Ҳձģ
ÿһεʷж״ҡɣһ
Ϊ״γڴ󡢺ӻУԼǻˮ緢
ˮУ1۲쵽״γڴϣ2״
ҲˮУ3ʱԵ״Ѹٴγ
ġˮӴʱͿԷĴã4 ֮Ŀ϶
к5ﹲԼ6½δ

Pinacoid ƽ˫ ƽ˫ƽеľɵĵΡƽ
˫ڳᾧϵĸϵС
Piping ӿˮ ϸʴӵص״ɵطߡص
´Ӷ˿׶Ͱӵصbadlandsһֳ
PiracyStream CaptureϮᣨϮᣩ һĺ
۱һȥ֮ڡһ½ȷˮ
һĺʴԲҲ㱻ʴÿ죬׳Ϯ
ڶҲϮᡣŵڷ׶Σ 
֧Ὣһ֧ϮҲԼ

ĺ֧ͬʱѺߵĲתƹ
ͺӹȣӲˮխΪƺӣеӣ׵
ε¶ȱζᷢϮᡣϮᴦγٲϮỹʹˮ
ƶϮӰѶͷӵһԼΧʹǲ
估ϮᣬĺȺӸ֧
Ϯķˮ磬ƶ
Ϯ
ĺɽ֧ܵԴʴʱ
aһ뵽һУԼĺӲ۷Χb
Piston Corer ʽȡ ȡĵĸװ
Уʽȡʹõ㷺һ֡װһֹܺ
λڸֹڵĻɡĵȡֹ½
ʽȡ
رʽȡaȡײףɿеװã 
ȡ䣻bĹ㣬ղ
ƷֹС
ʱڳ治ͲڳĽ
ĸֹܵȻֹܺƷͱᵽϡװ
ȡ30 ׵ġ
Pitchstone ֬ ֬Ļɽ֬ҵɫͳɷ
仯ܴ󣬿ǳɷҡӢһɽ൱Ĳʯ
Placer ɰ ɰһֱ󴲣纬һֻÿ
ʵɰӺʯȻͨɰָԣ
ҪĿɰҲҵĳֿҪۼΪɰ󣬱Ǳش󣨴
3һѧȶͻеǿȴʯ󡢶ʯ౦ʯ
ʯӢʯ񡢻ʯʯͼ⾧ʯ߱ЩҪ
طһԴɰлȡ
ɰ
绯ѿؿʱˢ˳ض£ںмгΪɰ

Placer Mining ɰɿ ɰɿǿûй̽ĵرԻ
ÿһֲɿʽɿ豸ڴС͸ӳ̶
⣬С߿ӣӴھһ͵ɰɿˮ
ɿøѹˮûй̽ɰӺʯ
Placoderm Ƥ ѾһǸ١ƤǸ
PlacodermiƤзõĹؽ򦣬Ǻԭʼļ㲻֮ͬ
Ƥ㻹а״Ƥͷм̵ĹʿסΪͣ 
ΪӴ״Ľھ㣨ArthrondirŴļ򦡢
ݺ⼹п㣨Dinichthys͵һֽ
㣬ɴ9 ף30 ӢߣƤ־ͺͶڼ䣬
ࡣ
Plagioclase бʯ бʯڴƳʯNaAlSi3O8 ͸Ƴʯ
CaAl2Si2O8 ֮γбʯĿ塣ƿ
ƣ衣

ϵƳʯab͸ƳʯanΪΪطΪ
֡ЩֵԼƳʯ͸Ƴʯĳɷ£ 
ab an 
ƳʯNaAlsi3O8 10090 010 
ʯ90 70 1030 
гʯ7050 3050 
ʯ5030 5070 
ʯ3010 7090 
ƳʯCaAl2Si2O8 100 90100 
ебʯһͬصǾƳʯ˫
ƾ˫ڵ֤ݡƣͿԺʯб
ʯıƺӶȵӣƳʯ2.62Ƴʯ
ֵ2.76
бʯǻҺͱḻҿڳбȽ١
ҵķں̶ܴбʯĺΪġǳɫʯ
УбʯɷԽӽƳʯԽǰɫʯУбʯɷݾԽ
ƳʯһɡμTwin Law˫ɣ
Plankton  ƯŵĻӾܲˮҲ
뺣࿹߲ܿԼλõˮ󲿷ָ
΢Ҳָܴڹôһ
ˮ㣬෱ֲ͸ֲͶ͸
ζ͵ࡢͿʯ嶼ڸֲζ
ԭϸ桢ԼĳЩܴĶˮĸ
ܶڶǸʹй㷺ķֲȻ
ǵĳǺܲġ
Plate Tectonics 鹹 ѧһֵ֧̽ؿǵĿ
Ϊ飩γɡƻ˶鹹ĸű
ϵĴ½Ưƺͺŵĸڽ͵𣨵ԣ
ɽԼɽϵɵؿǵɽ
ؿǰɵⲿʯȦɡɴǣ
֮µǲ֣ɸþʯɣ½ǣҪ½
еĶɣԼᣵϲɡ߽粻һ
½ԵǺϣİ飬ް飬ɴ½Ǻʹߵ
ɡĿʹСδ϶ѧͬ6 8 
ɸСİ飬Ǹ˵档ѧҼµİ
߽磬СĿĹͻı䡣
ĺȱ仯70 230 ֮䣬ϺĲ½Ǻϡ
ΪƯڽճͲ㼴νȦᣣϡʹƯ
ƵĻԲһĽȦ֮µз

ѵõ֤ݣƺ뵥йصı߽磺1
İ˴Զ˶ı߽磬2ʹ˴Ի
һεԴ3ײĵشǻ֪ɽ
͵Ҫذ߽緢ԼڲԵĸԺȶ

شмеһ߽硣мγ˻ִļ
ɽʯȦڵŴʹԼڵİ
౳˶Եӿضγ¿ǡ
ɽ⣬мҲǵĳĵԴڵؿڽ
ǳȣС70 Ϊѧҽţδģ
ͣڹȥ2 дԼ2ԶԼδȫŶֲ
˴µؿǵʵѰĳֽ͡ӦŰ
ԵԵı߽ȥѰҡֽӺ൱ڵ߽硣Ϊ
˽ɰײӦһ鱻Σ45ǻƵ
һ֮¡ڴ½ײĵطϱҸܵĴ
Ӧ˶İ顣ȴĴ½ʯܳûܵİ
У˶ϱߡ
˶İûϸ֮µĴ·
ȻԨͻɽϵ̫ƽԵ
ЩԨͻɽϵ˶İ˶Ͳ𡣵
ȷֲӵǳֱ700 йصĵ
ַʽǳĲ˶İڸ嵽ϸԵ֮
ʱѵĽ³İ˶˶ĴǺ
ϸ֮Ļ˸ĵײйصһص
ϸγɽϸԵɵġ
⣬˶İڶγҽʱ½
ĶС
ڶ߽类мİ߽ϡЩ߽
ֱϵĶѣֶϲ㱻Ϊתϲ㡣ʿѧ
Ϊ︣ǵʥ˹ϲһתϲ㣬λ̫ƽԵĴ
мйءЩתϲ㣬ܱ˴˻ûкܴıΡμͼ 
ؿǵƶ顱ƯƵĴ½͡˶ŵĵؿǡ
鹹
ţڵڵĶ˶ͨмеѹ
ȴγشչİ飬û
ܱߵС
Plateau ԭ ƽ̹бƽĸߺεһ߻
ж½ԭͬڽĽϵ͵رָڽ߳
300 ϵĹԭƽɽͬģҪƽɽöࣻ
ԭɽҲͬΪ䶥ҪöࡣԭϿȣCanyon 
иɽҸԼϲҲڸԭϲЩΪԭ 
ָֻˮƽɵĶƽ̹ĸߺεһЩΪԭ
γɵĵӡȵĵ¸ɸԭDeccan Pla- teau 
ԼĸױǺӸԭColum- bia River Plateau
γɵģؿγɵĵĿԭ
Colorado Plateauǡ
Plateau BasaltLava PlateauFlood Basaltԭ
Ҹԭң ɴģҵγɣһ
ԭһˮƽĺ͵õɣԸǼʮƽ

ЩǴӳ϶жǴԲӿģǷֲƽ
̹ΪǵԼҵ϶ϸм
ͺӡв㡣ΪвֵĲص㶼
緢֮൱ʱʱ緢֮ǰ᫲ƽ
ģôԭϸߵĵطͿΪֺ͹֮ϡԭ
ҵʱΧԴǰִ
ױǸԭӡȵ¸ɸԭĸԭҵ
ޡոȴҲиԭҡڼݱ
ݡʢݺͶոҸ52 ƽ֪
Щĺж񣬵ǸױǺӺ˹ڿˣSnakeӵȱ
¶˺ȴ1200 ׵ңһ꾮ֱ3000 Ȼδס
ЩĹԼΪ25 400 ƽΪ23.5 
סĳЩطѱѡӡ
ȵ¸ɸԭʼҼظ65 ƽİʴ
ԭٸ130 ƽ
ԭ
Ӱʾظŵaӡȣbӡ
Ⱦ޴Ҹԭ647500 ƽ
Platform ̨ ²ɻʯɣΪƽԵģҪɳ
ҲɵĴ½Cratonۿͨ
Platinum Ȼ һȻǲԪصҪԱȻ 
Ȼ磬ԪصĻУǣѧϵĲ״ȴ
ҪȻԪصʽ֡Ϊиߵıأʱ21.45
лѧϵĶԣʹɰиױǾһɰ
ǣԻԻҵԭҪĲ
Ϸǣǣô󡣲μMine-ral PropertiesۿʣݣNative 
ElementsȻԪأ¼4
Playa ɻأ Įصײһƽ̹ģ̫
ɹ˵ĹͺͺƽأǷɳճԼγɵΡʱ 
ǳӲʪʱеԡʱԺĺף
һ׻ΡɻܳгΧţԶ
´ԭԼɽšڱ紦ɼɳͻЩɻռ
ǧƽףЩɴƽɻǸʱں
ĺסȣDeath ValleyдƬɻأݡ
ڻԼīݣɳĮɳĮɳĮȵس
ɼָɻء
Playa Lake 꼾 żһ֮ڸɻγɵһǳˮ
ʱԺֺͨˮκɴʮƽ
󼸸ڱʧˡ
Playfairs Law Ѷ ںЭ accordant 
stream junctionĶɣ1802 ѶΪÿ 
 J.ѶJohn Playfair17481819 ꣩ӢոڵĵѧҺѧңж


һһɣܸ͵֧Ĳÿ֧С
൱ĺӹɺ֧ͬһӹϵͳЩӹȱ˴ͨ 
ֶͬǵбȷǳӦˮƽǷ߻ͣ
ɡڲ֧½ͬ½ǳ˳ػ
һġ
м1ȡ˴˺Ӵ촲̣ 
2Ϯᡣ±ϮĺϮӵ½ʱӦ3ش
áڼоĵضεӦ
Pleistocene Epoch  ļ͵һʼھ2 
3 ʱһֱȫʼ֮ǰԼ1 ʱ
ƣ˼Ǻ£1839 ˹ʿġǴ½
㷺ֲ30½صʱڱޱڵĸ߷ʱڣ޴
Ǹô󣬲ϴﵽݵʥ·˹Ƶı˹
άƽ˲е߶ոǵ
ŷޣﵽϲ¹ͲвһЩطϲɽ
˹ɽһЩɽɽͺɽԼڶ
ĳɽ쵽ڵ͵öĵطֽûбİĴ
Ƕϲ¼ǵһЩɽҲ˱ľȷΧ
ڻпา3400 ƽԼռ½ر
֮һаϼ޵1300 ƽŷǴ½ĴԼ325 
ƽ͸200 ƽڣǵ1600 
ƽ󲿷ֲַڸϼޡһ
ıʱڣĸԶ̵ıڵĸڣڲ˹ӱڣ
ϵģ˹ڡŵں˹ǱڣǶѾ
ʶŷ޵Ӧıڰϵ£ȱڡ±ڡ
˹ںľڡЩڱȽůĳöļڷֿڼ
ڼˡ
ڣϵ£֮Ϊɣɼڡé˹
ںͰټڣǶѾŷޣӦļڣ
£ǹ- ¼ڡ- ˹ں˹-ľڡ
ʱ仹ڿ2 ǰﵽ󣬶ڼô
ھ6000 ʱЩѧΪȫһڣ
޼ϵ졣
ķΧܹóͺͱľ֤
Һͱˮڷ˹άǡ˹¹ͲеȺ
֡˹ŷɽֳʴõӰ죬صк
ĺʾ˱ԺƽӰ졣㷺ֲĸϲš
߼ɽ޵һЩɽɼģΪ
ǱĳЩ֡ڱޣĿʼԵһδ½ǰ
Ϊ־󸲸½ĴԼ1250 ƽ
Ŧͼô󡣱ǰȹȵĶӿڣ 
ϴﵽͶӡطǺ
òƶĻˮءѱʴˣ¶ѱǰ
ıʴĥʴĻҡڵıĳγɸ̬

ӡ𡢱ӸˮƽԭͳΪƯľ޴Ưɼ
󶫲Ӣ˵棬½ϻСŦԼ
ĳȫڵıﹹɡڱУڴӴ½ش
ˮ٣ƽ潵͡ǵڵıڣܻˮص
ʱƽߡ߲Ҳ½߻ݶɡľ޴
ʹĵؿǷݣڱڣرȥؿ
ƽ⡣ڱ˶˹άǺͷõ
õ֤Ƶ¡֤ݿڴ۲쵽ԭ
ˮƽģ߲бˣɴ˵֪¡ڱߡ
ĳЩºӵΧش仯ڵʱ
ͨºӹرķСҲʴխ״ݲۣ 
ǱˮΪŦԼݵķҸմô󱱲
СַʽγɵġĴʱҲγһЩ
ָ˹Ǳı仯ͲڱʴγɵĵͰ
ˮɵġѾʧİǸĺ
ռմݡݺаʡĲֵЩķ
Щźгĳάһ
ıںɱ仯µĽɵġݵĴκ
޴ĸһСĺβ塣ͼôɽ
Ҳй㷺ֲıɽȱڵʴٶ롢ڻɽ
ɽ˹ɽͺɽ׳ɫҪáϵ
ɣݺͼϲɼɽ֤ݡȻڵ
ԭڻȫһ򼸸йصһЩѾ
1̫ı仯2Ȧɷֵı仯3ż
λõƶ4½̵߳ı仯5½ڴصλƶ 
ͣ6ʹȦ޴仯
ҲǶɽһʱڣ˿˹ɽɽ
ɣݡݡݡīݡݡڻ
ݡʢݡոݡݡԼôī綼Լ
ɽ׶ͱľҵĻ緢֤ݡ
ĲɽԼǵǰ˶̵Ӱ˸
ֲͶﶼܹǨƻӦı仯һЩ
Ǳ伣Ͷסŷ޺ͱޣЩ
һЩڶĿ۹ˡȻһЩ˵
Ŀڸһڱ֮ǰ;ѷչǣ
ֱ1 2 䣬˻ûг֡˿ܾ
ԽϿĽŷޡ޺ͷ޵ĸ
Ѿߺ͹塣Щ˵ıڶ
壬ëһ֡μFossil Man˻ʯ
Pleochroism ɫ ɫƫزͬᾧѧ͸ĳЩ
ʱֲͬɫһԡ
ֻڷǾвܼڶĳĹѡղ
ġķϵϵľУֻͬշ
ɫԡбббϵľУ͸ʱͬɫķ

жɫԵĿɫĲ΢۲쵽ֻͬһɫ΢
С仯
м磬̹ɣɫʯTanzanite 
һֱʯʯֳ졢ͻƵɫ
Plesiosaur ߾ һֺжصпĹ״ 
״֫ͳľβ߾źѼ͵ҲС
μFo- ssil Reptilesжﻯʯ
Pliocene Epoch  ͵һʼڴԼ1200 
ǰԼ900 ꡣƣ¡ǲ˹
ʿ1833 ȷġĺ¶ڵ¹ʱӢ
ϲϲ½ҳŷ޶ϲ 
ɽңɻɽάɽڱޣ 
ش󰶣ݡϿݺͷݡīذ
·˹ݡÿ˹ݡݺݶȷ˺
Ҳ½ڶոݼкҲзǺĸز㣬
ڼݷرáʱڵĻռ
붫ϲĺܴɳ˹ɽɽ֮Ļɽ
ʱڵ¡úɽڴƽԭͿԭĲֵ
һָ½زһ֡
𽥱ɺʱڵֳԱ仯ŵĻ
ӰӦ㷺ֲաϬţ¹ͳ¹ǳ
Ķܵ߶ػ鳤ࣨԳͳԳ
ԵĽʳදڣQĹȮè
ܡֲﻯʯձ鱣治ãƺֲﻯʯơ
׵嶯п׳桢ƤɺռҪλͶ
ǴģֽơľԴʯ͡
ϣԼմɹҵʹõճɰʯ
Plug Dome Ҿ¡ һֱ·ǳĶѻ¡
Plunge  ״ʹˮƽ֮ļнǡ
Fold
Pluton  ڵؿ֮еһֻ塣
С״뱻ĵؿʯĹϵࡣĴС仯
Χֻм׺Ҵֱռƽһμ
BatholithһݣDikeݣLac- colithҸǣݣLopotith
ݣPhacolithҰҼݣSillҴ
Plutonic Rock  һڳҽ򣩵ʯ
ڵؿγɵĴ塣ԴΪͨڻ
ľ塣 һꡢҰ塣
Plutonism  һֹʱ˵ۣеʯԭ
ʼ̽ɵġոѧJ.ն٣17261797 ꣩
ģϣ֮͵֮ıPluto ߴ
˶ԻɽͻҵĹ㷺о֤ˮˮ۸Ĵ
ˮЩΪʯˮγɵĵѧ
Pluvial Lake  䡢ʪĺʱ

Ⱥ͸ɺĵڵĺڻݡݡݼ
ݣֺܳˮĻǷֲκɽ
ǰйԼ120 ˮʴ¡ʴ̨ʯһ
ͺעγɵ޿֤ЩˮĴڡزϵ֤ݺ
̼-14 Щһαͬʱġ

ڣϲһɺûкaڱʱڣ 
¶ȱڵͣҲڴ󣬱鲼b޴
ά300 ףִȡ
άĺʱ50000 ƽϣ 
ȳ300 סκֺάдκ
άʱˮʹؿ䣻̺Ժˮ
ؿ¡𡣰ά߲ˮƽģͿ˵һ㡣
еĳڰά֮ǰٻйǶ
ı¼ϵڼݵҲڹһԼ200 ׵
ڲάǡͰ͢ɳĮԼǵҲ
йںʱڣҪ300 ס
Pluvial Period  еһʱڣǸɺͰɺ
ĵڵʱ䡢ϳʪڸıڼ䣬ڴ½ԭ
ôʹơϲͳʪ
١ˣϲЩĺ̬
ڶϿɽϵ͵ɽȻ۵ϱڸжٱ
ڣжٺڡ޺ͷҲкڵ֤ݡ
Podzol  Pedalfer
Poikiloblastic Ƕ״ ĳЩйصһֽṹ
¿ΧǰڵĿɣγɸ״ṹ
Polar Front  ǴеҪķ棬ܶȲͬ
֮ĹɴеҪһǷָȴԴźͼԴ
ŵķ棬ǴеһڳġԵĲ֡
ַ ƵΪĵش
 20 ͳŲѧɾйؼۡΪ 
شĲڷָůźŵķ淢ŶĽȻ
ִѧڽͷڱΪзʱ
ĸѹһЩҪʱΪ޹ءµΪ
²ķŶеĲйϵǣµ
Ͳصʱȴ¶ĵشĴڡ
ȻڴУȷŷ棬۶ڷ
ı仯ĽͶԤ˵Ҳʵġ
Ϊλڷļһܶȴļţʼʱһ
Шβů֮¡ƺһȶ״̬Ϊ
ܶȴĿֻǲֵزů֮¡ڵתпܳ
Ϊһ־״̬ʼֵʱ򣬼ͷΡһ
Ѹɨȥγ档һԽ
ٶ˶γů档ů˶ٶ֮ԽΪů

ļһվͻϲ
Ӵů²ʱķչ׶ξͽӽᡣȫ
Ҳ˵λڶײһ֣
תʱͿʼˡ
һ·ϳֵĵҪϵ
Ĵֱ˶γɵġůġͨҲʪűе̧
ߣγƺͽˮʶ³ļŵĵ 
ǽ֮ѸƽʹͻȻ̧
ůһγɴͻƺױꡣʪůķ滺
ôʱֵĵͨǲ״ơ

1.ܶȴһШӲȴ֮¡ܶСů
䣬γƺͽˮ
2.a ڶԴڰ˹Ӻͼô󱱲ļش½ƽ
Ĵ󲿷ֵbļ̫ڻѩԭ 
ռݵֻжһ롣
Polarization of Light ƫ ͨ䴫ഹֱ
з񶯵ģ񶯷һƽʱͳΪƫ⡣
ߴһ⻬ķǽ淴Ҳֵƫ񶯷뷴
ƽСȫƫƶ⾵ġ߽ƶ⾵ֳ
ƫ⣬һˡ˫ľھвͬʵ
Ҳƫ⡣һƬƫƬⱻֽΪƫ⣬һ
ȫյһֻһͨƽƫ
⡣
Polar Wandering  ż͵λñ仯Щƶ
شųݱ䣨ŵشѧ͵Ĺķչʱֵġͬ
ʱڵļ·ߣݱŷ޴½ͼ 
Ƚʱֳڵļλø⣬ǴƽеغϡΪ
˽ͼ·߼Լھ30 ȡѧӦ˴½
ƯƵĸѱŷ޴½֮ķ뿼ǽȥͷ
·غϡйؼλƶĹŵش֤ͬʱ֧˴½Ư˵

ݱŷ޵ĹŵشŲıżʱƶߡ
Լ5 ǧǰغһġ
PollutionAir Ⱦ μAir PollutionۿȾ
Polymorph ͬʶ һԪػ򻯺вͬľṹ
ֲֻͬıͬʶ񡣽ʯʯīͬʶȻ
ȫͬģǶ̼ԪɡͬFeS2 ɽᾧ
ͬĿͰ󡣵ֻʱ˵ 
ʱΪͬʶͬһɷǣʯϦʯ
ʯAleSiO5 ǵĹͬɷݡ
Porosity ϶ ϶ռͿ϶ʯʡߺٿ϶
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ֺӳƶӡǼҪʴǰЮʣ
ʡʺҺķʽ뺣
Roche MoutoneSheepbackSheep Rock.Sheepback Rock 
ʯ ʴγɵ͹ڱĥʴãӭű
ķһƽԲвۡİʴãˮĶ
ʹñűķһ¶ȶҰ͹ƽű˶
ϣ򣩣ʯǱⳤͷǶԳƵģǶԳƵġ
ʯһ㲻ʮ׳ݺطɼʯһ
Сɽһӭűһ滺бűһ¶Ⱥܶ
ʯ
Խ¶ͷ˶ʱӭĥԲĥ⣬䱳ʯʴ
üǡ
Rock ʯ ɵؿǿɹ۲ֵĿＯ塣ʯͨ
ɰճδĿʲ㡣Ȼϸ÷ָ̽ĺ
ȽӲĿＯ塣ʯһﷴӳ˺һָձ÷ʯ
಻ͬ֡ȡʯĳ򡢽ṹɿ
һֳҪ֣ɵġĺͱʵġ롢
ɽ֮ҽ̽γɡʯмлͨ˻ 
 иֽСĳƺһЩ ϰ÷˴˼ȱȷĽߣ÷
Χ ҡͬЩѱ ӦóΪcreek ģҲΪriver
طҲ ںУг֮ԶӦĴʣֻһ ԭгеĴʣ 
οա

γɡȡѹˮ̱仯ʯμRock 
Cycleʯѭݡ
RockBasic  ͣ2245þߵĻҡ
ںĸʯʯ/ʯḻΪɫ
ɫϵҳաԺ͡ԡʹȷ 
ִʯѧҷʹԸʹáþʡ͡ʡ
Rock Crystal ˮ ˮһܹŵڻãָ峺
ɫʯӢ塣
Rock Cycle ʯأʯѭ йصھʴ
ˡȡѹɽʱĸ졢仯ƻһ
ĻʸҡҺͳҪʯ֮
ϵԼӪӪЩʯǷǳӵģԿ
ڵر֮±ΪҽʯΪʼ㡣ЩʿΪ
رңڵ½ᾧңңɽ
֮ĵؿ˶ҴرܰʴͻѧƻӪ
硢ˮܰѷ绯ʴˣǶѻΪ 
Ǳ̽γ˳ҡ˺ıÿܲǿҵȺѹ
ʹתΪңҲҽҽȴ̽ɻ
ʱ۵Ļʯޒˡ
ʯޒ˵˵ʶԸʽܵķӦޒǲ
ġ¼ޒ˳ʱźͶ·磬
ҿڷ绯Ϊ֮ǰʡҳͼ桰ʯޒ
Rock Flour ҷ ˵ʯΪһ˶ıڲʱ
ײмϸɰɰճɡ΢¼ 
ҷ۵Ŀǵģûз绯ģɶֿɵģΨûɻ
ѧ绯γɵճҷǻӺͱҪɷ֡ʹ
ˮ״
Rock Glacier ʯ ǰԵܶƱ˶壬ɴǵ
ɣɽĸ½ƶƶʯ1.5 3 
45 ףɶô·ҿɵġÿǰƶ
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ٶȱȱԵ졣Щ۲Ұǵҿ϶еıһ
ЩΪ˶Ƕһ䶯Ҳͱʯ֮
ŹģϵĲ𣬱ʯɹģСıγɵġʯһ
ɽ簲˹ɽ˹ɽţ˹ɽɽڻɽԼ
˹άǺͰ˹ӡ
Rock Salt  ָ״ʯο
Rockslide һ ʯźͶб´ƽеĲ
Լϲ淢Ѹ˶Ҳָ˶ɵĳ
ʹһǣ1ճҳҸĻ֮ϣĦ
С2 ʯеѷ泯͵£3꣬Ϊ
Ϊճҳ󻬼СĦһһ
ǣ1925 ڻݵĸ˹غӹȷһһݱ˵

һٶÿСʱ80 50 ӢϡúӹȵϣҲ
нԼΪ20㡣ҲɰңΪҳҡˮʴп
ɰγ£ɰʧȥ֧֡һ֮ˮĦ 
4000 ף5000 룩ʯȵڣѺˮס
γһ6 4 Ӣ60 ף200 Ӣߣĺ
Rock-Stratigraphic Unit ʯز㵥λ ʯѧ
빹صǸݻʯ仮һһҲ㡣ʯ
ز㵥λ飬ǾеͼصĿʶ
ʯĵλλɽһΪκͲ㡣ĳصһЩͨ
ԷͬһȺС
RockUltramaficUltrabasicþң򳬻ң 
ʯĻҡʯҪһֻһϰɫʯ
ʯʯɡʯгнڡ
Ropy LavaCorded Lava״ еı
֮һǾ߻״ͬеӣ˴˽
УȰгֵơһС
Ϸ״ҡĿһһףȿ
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͹ķΪĲֵĿҪȱԵ
ϵø죬ҷˣ־

ǰϵҲԼ״ҡ
Rose Quartz ǾޱʯӢ ǾޱʯӢһõۺɫʯӢ
ʯװƷΰУʱγɺܴĿ塣ǣľ
ټʯӢĲǰ˹˹ۺɫΪ
ѴȾɵġ
Rubellite ɫʯ ɫʯǷۺɫɫĵʯ
ﮣں﮿ΰС
Ruby 챦ʯ 챦ʯһֺɫĸ񣬺ɫĸ
ĽЩ챦ʯֳǲԣΪǲʺ챦ʯ
Ruhy Silver  ָŨ͵
Run off  ӵų֮ˮ
ӵرӵˮͨ©ӵˮǽ꾭
Ժʣಿ֡༴꣭ڡ
ݹƣϵĽ꣬80˺УܵõĲ20
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СֻǵֲݵѴﵽԺ 
ܷˮҪɵرɵġĵڶɲ
ˮֺӵˮˮĶ٣ȡ
ʼˮֵǺˮԴ
ĵɲǵˮڱڼ䣬ˮԾúС
ȴǳ꾶Ҫɲ֡ΪԹӦ©

ĺȶˮԴӵֱӽֻռĺСһ֡
Rutile ʯ ʯһְɫѿΪ
ҡƬҺƬг֣ͬʶḻһ
ѿͰѿ󡣽ʯֿܵѧúͻеõĿ
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ؿһɰ󡣹ҵϴɵĽʯ
ɰ󡢴ӢʯͶʯһ
ЩʿʿʹĴǳΪĽʯ

ʯ;ĺҩеĽʯȡϽõ
ѡͿϵѰף󲿷ȻĽʯ̫ڲΪ
ʯ˹Ľʯ͸ģеɫɫгƯ
ʯμMineral Prope- rtiesۿʣ

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Saint Elmos Fire ʥĦ еһֵһ
ĵηŵ磬ǽŵ͵ʽŵ֮
һַŵ󡣵ױƴϿվʱԿӴΦϺʹ
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ǴͻϷġʱЩ渽ĵ糡ǿԼÿ
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SalinaAlkali Flatμ̲κ ָͨɺˮ
ëϸôϵҺµηڵγɵοǡ
ηֿΡʯࡢɰâԼκĲά
μ̲μ̲ʻٶ˼¼һɫӡμ
̲ڻݡݺīݣɳĮ
ɳĮԼɳĮǺձġҲָζȺܸߵػ

Salinity ζ һǧ˺ˮܽĹȻںˮ
ĹʵҪɷƺȣںˮл60 Ԫأ 
дǳ١1884 ꣬ոѧҵWilliam Dittmar 
ڶսߺſռĺˮƷзʱֲںˮе
仯ƷиɷռıȶġˣֻҪ
һԪصŨȾͿȷζͨǸȵŨȷζȣ 
ǽȵŨȳ1.80655 ͵óζֵǰζûѧ
ζⶨģڣζȼⶨζȼͨⶨˮĵ
ȷˮܽĹʵŨȡζȻԸܶȡʡ
ٻȷЩǺ鷳ģ˺ʹá
ĺˮζԼΪǧ֮ʮ塣Ȼˮеζкܴ
еˮĵطζƫͣȽǿҵĵطζƫߡ
Salt  ָʯοһͨࡣ
Salt Dome  һֱԲͲε˶ĴԲ
Ĺ졣ֱͨһֱ켸סǷ
кҵضγǱؽС
Ŀڲȵѹ¼ױΡλϸزѹ
ʽرϳ塣ΧңңϹɵ
״òͻΧңд̴ױ١
Ķʯʯࡢʯࡢͬͷʯɵġ
Щ̲оüֵʯͿ󴲡ʯͺȻҲɻ
ϻΧʯζɵ϶֮Сڱīذƽԭŷ
־ƽԭеһЩаһмֵء
Salt Marsh  ָܴﵽķΧڵĵƵ¡ïֲ
ĵطڶຣͶశ޵ĺرࡣ½صˮЯ
ϸʳںıԵ޵½һ࣬γ
ԲݱֲռƣܾŴ෱㡢

ˮදзࡣĴذ
дҰѱΪҰıػ򱣻
ӢŷīذĶຣĺҲǺձġ
Sand ɰ һɷ绯˵ʯмͿﹹɵɢδĳ
Щмֱ1/16 2 ׵ķΧڲŽɰ
ͷСɰСϸڷɰȻɰʯ
ӢСɣĿ糤ʯĸʯࡢʯʯ
ҲΪɰ֡ĳЩȴϵɺɰ൱ɰ
ʿɡĵġɰ̲ʴγɵ
ɰϸмɵġ
ɰһõĿԴڽҵɰͻķɰblast 
sandһִɰѹϴשʯҲڿʴ
ʯϡ绨Һʹϵͼȡϸɰɰֽ
ĥϡɰ첣һر𴿵ʯӢɰ
Sand Crystal ɰ ൱ʯӢɰľдֲڵⲿ̬ľ
塣ʯʯؾʯɰδ̽ɰ
ڽᾧýеʱŵľΧɰռ
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ĿˮͳΪɰճһֽΪ
ʯʯӢɰһճԷ绯ʯ
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˳ʯӢ֮⣬һ͵ʯӢңǱڱ
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Sand Wave ɳ ٺܿĵɳˮγɵһ̬
ٺܿĵʹƶͨʹɰˮ׵ıγɲ״
̬ɳ״߲ΣS βͲΪƽߡ
ͨӼ׵ף߿ɴ4 ׻5 סɳγҪǿ
ˮɳֲںӿнǿϫСС
Ƥ壨Chesapeake BayխڴϫٶȺܿ죬
ڴˮףγ˳ַɳBed Loadʡɳݡ
Sanidine ͸ʯ ͸ʯǼοǸµļسʯ
ʯ΢бʯǵ͡гʲò͸ľ塣
Sapphire ʯʯرָʯɫĸ
ָɫʺʯɫ⣩ıʯ磬̺ʯ
ƺʯʯɫѴڵԵʣǲʺ
ʯǲǺԵġ

Satin Spar άʯ άʯʯһֱ֣ʯάƽн
Уʹʯеһ
Scapolite ʯ ʯƺ͸Ƶο壬ϵ
Ǵƶ˳Աʯƶ˳ԱʯһϵСʯһ
ʿƬҡƬҺͽᾧСμMineral Propertiesۿ
ʣ
Scheelite ٿ ٿƿٵĿʯ֮һ
ҡΰҺͽӴʿ󴲺͸ҺУʯ󡢺ٿ
ٿҲлɫġɫĻɫģҪǰɫģ 
òʯӢƣɰͨɫө⣬Դʯ
Ӣ𡣲μMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Schist Ƭҿ 𵥸һֱ
ҡʯĸһռƲǱ˴ƽеķ
ʽУʹʯ߲״졣ƬʯṹĹϵ
ɷֵĹϵСһֻĿʯռʱǵ
ƼƬҵǰ棬ʯӢĸƬҡƬҿԭȴڵĸָ
ࣺʵҳһճɰңʯҺ͸þĻؽᾧ
ɵġƬҿ¶Ⱥѹ仯Ⱥܴ·ؿǴ
ƽйء
Schistosity Ƭ еĲ״״졣ɰ״
ĸ״Ŀƽжɡʯ
϶ɵġư״õʯϵ
ѹӦֱʱǾѸ١
Scoria ɽ ҵһ֣ɫڡһ죬ݣв״
ϸ״ṹһɽ֡ûиʯĶ࣬Աȸʯأ 
ˮƯһһɽ׶У
13 ֮䡣
Scuba Яʽˮº Scuba Яʽˮº Self- 
Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatusĸʵĵһĸ
ɵһװ1943 ɼӸϣEmlie Ga-gnanͿ˹
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ԺѧһףΪʹöǳֵĺֱӽп졣
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20 ʮѧһΪĵײǵϲ֡
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ݴӴײȡõĻʯȷʱԼԴӴײȡõʯ
ƷʱĲⶨǱȽģھԼһǧ
İѼ͡Щϣ˹мǵؿǵıش
شһֱ˶ԵؿʼԳ
ÿһ䣬м׾ѷ˶˹Ϊ 
λڵؿʣᣲ㣩ԣܽᣲ
λڵĶ˶ɵģڵᣲγɹģ޴Ķ
мζŶӰ䣬ζ
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˴˷˶Ļƣ֧˴½Ư˵˹ۻڴ
мȱԼɴмʯм
Ļɽ͵ṩ˺Ϻ߼Ľ͡
ùŵشѧڵʷʱеشųǿȺͷ򣩣ѧѧ
Ҫ֡һײʯڴǿֳε
ʽı仯Щ˴ƽУĳЩмƽУֳ
һֶԳƵͼҲ˵ڴмһľضǿһ
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ԳƵƽ棬شųڵʷʱзηת
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1963 ꣬Fred J.V Vine˹D. H. Matthewsڽ
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Sea Ice  ˮγɵıν֮ˮζΪǧ֮
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Seawater Density ˮܶ λĺˮˮܶȡ
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Secondary Enrichment  ԭ
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ࡣ֮ҺԭﷴӦͭͨǻͭ 
߰ԭ߽ԭеñȽʱ
ĿַӦͭǨơˮλϱ־ޣ 
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ĽٳڵˮλʹԭĿʯƷλߡ
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Secondary Mineral  ԭʴĿ
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ڻˮУbĿڲУϸĿƽˮƽ

Sedimentary Rock  ˮͿгѻڸ
½ػˮеɢﾭ̽γɵʯڵ³ʲ״
򱡲״ڰ˳˶ٶȵı仯ڳڼ
﹩Ӧı仯ɵġͨһöתΪϵһ
ʯһÿ԰ãʱ֮Ŀռ䱻ʯ
Ӣ򷽽ʯ֮ճϸؿ˶µ
ѹʵáȥˮֵĸɻԼĳЩѧĽᾧؽᾧ

á
ݹĳзࡣճʯӢͷʯ
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ɣͨлʽ޻ʽߵĻϷʽҺг
ʹɡɿʺͰճһķʽȷ˳ҵ
ṹĳйءмռ
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ʯǹɡмҵҪ
͵мңɿԴСΪҡɰҺҳҡ
ѧҪͨѧ̲ʹɣرЩͨˮ
ܽʵĳγɵĳÿֱӵģʯκʯ֮
ɺˮˮγʱ ҡʯһĳ
Щ͵ʯҲɻѧʽġ
ﻯѧֱӻֲͨĻѧ
ĳﹹɡѺͽǻ֮ʯҡ̿ú
ΪҲֲмҲܹɺп׳ͷ
֮ЩɺˮȡѧʲЩ
ӲⲿЩ̼ƻ蹹ɡЩ
ʱǵĲΪﻯѧѻЩܾܳ
һʱγɳҡ
ǳ߼ֵҲһЩΪ
ĳ죬绯ʯˡ򡢽㡢ࡢۺѡ
ЩҲڲϳ֣ṩйγʱĳ
ҵɫкܴı仯ɫҪȾɫ
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Դˮúʯ͡ʯϡϻĳЩʯ
Sedimentation  ʹĻ̡ڵ
ѧУҲʯɳԴзḶ́Щ
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Sediment Coring ȡ ںѧϣͨȡ
ĵĹ̳֮ΪȡȡĵĿľ
оײĵʷͨѧڿ촬ϲݵĲ
ȡװöȡõġȡõĳĴֱΪ510 ס
30 ׵һԲĵĳҪȡȡ豸ͺźͺ׳
͡ʽȡЧģҲõձģҲʹ
ȡͱըʽȡ

ڴײٶȺÿ1000 ֻмףһ
пܿļ¼еĳͺͻʯʾ
ڼеĻĻص㡣
̽ĽչͨڴϲͿԴǧ
ڴײʯд굽֮̽Ľչ
Ҫ̽ƻDSDPDeep Sea Drill- ing Projectµġ
̽ƻǴ1968 꿪ʼһƻƻΪ˸ԭ
صʷȫĴײס
SedimentCosmic  μCosmic Sedi-mentݡ
SedimentRelict  μRelict Sedi-ment۲

Sediment Transport ɳ ָͨймص˶
ԡеɳ˳ӵͣΪʣͣΪ
ʡɳʱضͬʲײȣ
ǿԲȵġ
ʿƶΪٽСԣ
ĴСҪˮȺ¶ȵĳ˻μDuboys Equation۵ϲ
߹ʽƣǾأȺ¶ȶûж
ϵƶٶȣٽʴٶȡٶȺͿĳٶ
Լˮͬʵƶá
ɳ
һӿĺУʯǰ򻬶Сʯ鼰м
Ծ״ǰ˶֮ΪɳˮԼ֮һϸ
˶ٶ˶·˶ˮ֮С
Seismic Belts  ǿĵشͼ
ЩҪλ1شеĽĺ
ɽм2ϱͰȺ̫ƽ 
3̫ƽ˳ǰ뵺ӡȱصк
һϿشڿѧ֪Щشм
ţ͹ɵǵľ޴ײйءμContinental 
Drift۴½ƯƣݣPlate Tectonics۰鹹ݣSeismology۵ѧݡ
Seismicity  ڵڲ˶Ҳĵ
ֲ͵ͷСо
Seismic Reflection ䷨ ԲըĵʱΪ
ĵ¼ر
洫عĽϷ䷨ڹ㷺
رϸṹһҪӦ̽ʯ͡ʹĵ
̽ͬ䷨õĴ͸ȷʵɿ
Seismic Reflection Profiling ĵ䷨ 
زĵ
𻨣ķ߷ǹװڴϡ
Щ䵽ף¡
ǴӲͬز㷴䲢ͻؿ촬ڴˮе첨
Щ壬ͼԶ¼

ĵ䷨
¼źŵ̽100 ׵ĺףṩйس
ҲֲϡΪӺ׺ͺ淴䣬ˮ
µ첨õЩ壬תɵźͼϼ¼
Seismic Refraction ䷨ ñըĵ𲨲ⶨؿ
ĵ̽ͨ򴫲
ʱ䣬ͨʱӲͬĽ䣬Ȼصر
䷨ǵѧȷʯͿ󴲵Ŀλõĵһֵ𷽷Ȼ
ʯͿ̽Ѳȥ㷺Ӧãڹʩлõúܶࡣ
䷨ŵ㣬ṩ²㹹췽ϣṩ
ɷַϡҪĴ·ˮӺŶյĵ̵
ѧַȷǲȡ
ڵʱͬĲʽԴ㷢ͨ
ֱвͬʵķֽΪֹڽ洦
Ĳٱϲ󣬵𲨾²㡣߽ˮзķ
ʽĳϣͬĲһǶȣΪٽǦȣ 
߽磬γ䲨洹ֱڱ߽硣һ㴦ʼؽ洫
еĴű߽񵴣ú
вĵԴϲе²潫ԭ²ʱͬ
Ƿصر
Seismic Waves  ʱڲʯѻضϲ
ͷʽѧҼ¼к𼶡
֣һֳΪѹݲP ơѹͨ
ʱʵΪ뵯ɵȽϡ
P ڹ塢Һд
һֵνвᲨS Შͨʱʵ
񶯷벨ֱֲ𣬺ᲨͨҺ崫
ݲͺᲨͨڲĴõ̽⡣𻹻沨
L ֻصر
Seismograph ʾ ¼ɵ˱ըĵ𶯵
к֣ܶԭͬġ򵥵ĵ
Ҫɣܻ֧нṹɰڶڣι̵ع̶
ܴ͵˶ϣ˿֧ܽʯһͬ˶ڰ
ɰڶģдĹԣ˶ʼվֹԭλ
áǼ¼֮ļ¼װáͼ¼ʽӴҲǿ
Ǽ¼ֽڵ˶ͼ¼棬˵˶Ҳͼ¼
ˡ𲨿ֱ˶ˮƽ˶ԵǱƳܹ¼
ֱ˶ˮƽϡ˶
Seismology ѧ ѧһ֧о𼰵𲨡ͨ
Ե𲨵оѧѾܹƶϳڲĹʽ
оעλãص㣩͵
оĽչʹѧǲýҵܹ㷺Ӧõĸֵ
ԤܹС˿ڼеΣ⣬˽
ʹʦʹ𺦼СĽѳĴ

λñʾͼϵõĽ֧ʯȦƶһ
ΪͼϣȺƶϵİ߽總ơ
Selenite ͸ʯ ͸ʯһɫ͸ıƬʯ֡
Septarium 걳ʯ ʯʯճʯңĴֲ״ˡص
лཻ״ƣſʡ걳ʯڲ״
Ķ壬ɷʯһһ𡣹걳ʯ⵽绯ֻʣ
ڵϣеǹĻʯ
Sericite ĸ ĸһϸСĸͨϸСƬ״
İĸƬرձ飬ҺڽʴΧҲС
Series ͳһϵСʱز㵥λڵʱһγɵһ
Ҳ㡣ˣʼͳʼʱγɵϵ
Serpentine ʯ ʯǺˮþοͨԭþ
ʹΣرʯͻʯʯͬı壬Ҷʯ
״ġвͬǳɫӰߵƬ״塣ʯһ˿
ģɫӻɫɫά״塣ʯʯʯޣ
ʯΪһʯʱָ״ļȫҶʯɵʯ
ұһֱңʴγɵġʯʯڿ
״γɡʯǰĸ󡢲ĸң磬
ɽǹþȡĸң¿ǡμMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Serpentinite  һּȫʯɵ
ʯһֱңҺͳɷƵĸ͸þʯʴ
ġ⣬пʯʯ޵Ŀγɡǰ
󣬲ĸңɹþȡĸҡ
Shadow Zone Ӱ ϵһԹ۲⵽
ɵ˱ըݲᲨ벨Դ100140㻡֮
䡣ڹ۲ⲻݲڵغһᣱ߽ϱ
䡣ӵغ˷ݲС100㻡ĽǶȴ棬ͨغ
Щ벨Դ֮140ĽǶȵ档ᲨھನԴ
100ĵط۲ⲻΪᲨвҺдʡǹ
⵽ᲨʣʹѧǵóΪغһҺ
ɵġ
Shale ҳ һϸмңֱС1/16 ׵Ľ
ѻĳﹹɡˮΣճҳкܸߣ
лҲɳ֡ҳװѵġܼе
ѿʹɿ״мճҳг
ʯޡ鷺ƽԭ׺ʹ϶ѻ
γɡлʵҳҿǺɫɫģʹҳ
ʺɫܹȡʯ͵ҳҸĸ֮
Shear  һĲͬһ໥
ÿλϵļΪӦÿƽӢɰÿƽ
϶ţ㡣Ӧһ߷ƽã 
شһ彫ѻΡϣһ
Ӧһõƽཻ45ǵƽáʵ

ʹƻʯλһ
ʯ潻Ǵ45λϡнǶֵƫʵ
ĥǿɵġ
Sheeting ϯ״ ûѵĿ״в
һ󡣣ĹģС󱻳Ϊҳ״û״绯
ã
ԴƽڵرεϵͳΪ͡ϯ״ϸطֲڽ
رϯ״ϡϯ״ڻҼᾧʯ
õʾȻҲɰСţΪʴðѵ
ӿ״ʯߵͬʱƽеرѹӵĽѹ
ֱʯǿȣѷչڲʯѾ۲쵽ϯ
״õγɣ֮ʹôʯӲʯĵװϵ

Sheetwash RainwashƬʴˮʴ ˮ˳γɵ
Ƭ״ˮûֲĵ棬Ҵ׳ƬʴƬʴǰ
ɺĹͬʪֲͰϡ裬ҲᷢƬʴ
Shield ض ָģɻʯɵĴ½
Cratonۿͨ
Shield Volcano λɽ ȡΪǵ״ڹŴʿʹ
õĻ״ܣλɽǾлµĿ¡ҪɵõʹҪ
Ļɽмɡǵĸ߶߲30 ףߴ9200 ס渽
¶24֮仯ɽ¶ȱ䶸5ϡ
ҪиԡԲεģԲεģ
ǳεģ潫Բεģ繹ߺɽ
ȻλɽɣЩλɽ
ɰɽɣмҡðǻɽ 
ֽǴɽģǴӲ״ѷġڶ
λɽ൱رиĵطɽԼб
кܼǽ
ɽϷо޴ġڵġ׵أƻɽڣڲ
Ϸмɽ׶ͼ׶ͼ״ɽںͷ״
Լܱ߶ϲ¡ܻɽгʱγɶܻɽܻ
ɽֲʱͲܻɽȺڱī硢˹ϼޣԼ
طҲжܻɽﰣɻɽһλɽ
Shock Wave  ͨʴٶȴͬٶ
ѹڵʵĳʹʵĽṹΣı
ɷ֡ʱʹʯڽɣݵ˹
帽γɾ޴ݿӵʯĳʹĳЩת˹ʯӢ
ʯӢĸѹʽ
Sial  Ӣġ衱͡ͷĸɵһ 
ָؿǵϲ㡣еʯȵʯ
öࡣָγɴ½ؿǲֵؿǣڳΪþ
ĵؿʲϡ֮Ľ Ϊ½档
Siderite  һ̼ڷʯĿ

뷽ʯƵĽᾧ졣һֽᾧܺõĿڿ
СȽϴǴ״ĽСڻճʶ
Ϊһֲ״ʣһֺɫ״ʯԲ״ʽú
ӢΪ󿪲ɡΪһҪʯұ
γɵĿ󴲡磬µ˹ǡ
Siderite ʻָʯμMineral Propertiesۿ
ʣ
Silica SiO2 кܶ壬ձĺ
ḻʯӢ
Silicate  ǺйһҪһ
ռ֪25е40ǹΣƵؿ
95ǹΡμSilicate Structure and Classifi - cation۹
εĽṹͷ
Silicate Structure and Classification εĽṹͷ
йοĻ쵥λǹ壬ӱĸΧƣ 
һĶϡõӳɼ
һ롣һӳɼõġǣͨ
νṹĶԾֹжġ
ӣһҲĸȫСķ
ֻȺĵλɷʽΪġ
Ⱥ״Σǹģ
һ
SiO14磬ʯķʽMg1Fe2SiO4 ʾ
˫ȺνΣ忿һᣬ 
SiO27磬켫󣬷ʽZn4Si2O7OH2H2O 
еһ֡
״ṹ״ΣԪԪԪĸ
ɵķյĻΡڸֻУÿΪ
СSiO13ԪĴBe2 Al2 Si6 O18
״ṹ״Σɹγӳ
͡һǵÿӱãSiO 
13һ˫干ӣ
ӣSiO411ڻʯʯMg2Si2O6 
һ˫ǽʯ͸ʯCa2Mg5Si8O22OH2 һӡ
״ṹ״Σÿӹãγһ
չĲ㣬SiO25ֲǿĸṹءкܶ
״ΣһȫƽĽΪʯMg3Si4O10 
OH2 һӡ
ά״״ΣÿĸӶ干
ãSiO12ʯӢĽṹ
ǣԲǶĿ˵ά״Ǽһṹ
ԴһһϵĹ衣淢ܹ
ȻṹʹԱкͣҪĳʯо

磬ʯKAlSi3O8ķ֮һĹ裬ָĲƽ
ļӴġ
Siliciflcation 軯 裨SiO2õ
źֽÿǺжĵˮעźĿǻ
֯ԺɵģҲԭӲʲѾܽɶеĽ
ֱ淽ʽʱźı걾ʮر
ǰԭнṹϸˡÿ˹ݸ
˹ɽGlass MountainͶȺĻʯУ˾˵ӡ
ᴦЩʯҲоʾֶȫ軯㶯
ٺϡ޺̦嶯ڸ߶ȵĽãϸ΢ĲҲԭ
δ䡣
ĪάɳĮMojave Desertһйع軯õ
עĿ󡣸ôʯҽоʮ桢֩֫
軯ʯЩ軯ʯϵĸָ֫ 
ëԿ
Silicified Wood 軯ˮ 轻õԱԭ
״ͽṹʯľеĹγ͵ʯ
Sill Ҵ ɹؿǵʣҽγɵư״塣Ҵ
̬ԭȵʯĲ״죬ƽУҴĺȺͳ
ϱġǿڵһγɣһױ
ϣؿûܵ㷺ƽĵ
ҴɰࡣҽιγɵҴҴͬ
ֵҽҴһҴͼں
ҽƶؿڣҪʱ̽ʱγɡڻȴУض
Ŀﾧܹڿʼᾧĸγɡγɵľܶȱܵ
ҽǳҴĵײвҽ̽ʱҽ̽γ
ϯпиĳضĲ㡣͵һҴ¶ΧŦԼ
Ĺӵ̵ұϡ֮Լ6 ״ܹʯ
Ҳ㡣ȫ緢෶ΧϴҴ籱ӢɫҴ
Sillimanite Ϧʯ ϦʯһοAl2SiO5 
ͬʶ֮һʯͺʯϦʯȱе
ʿǳġ״壬һά״ˣֳΪʯ
FibroliteμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Silt ɰ һҪֱ1/16 ׵1/256 ׵Ŀɵ
мСϸɰڴճмɡɰԱ
γɷɰңɰҵĽṹɷҳңȴֳҳҵƲ

Silurian Period ־ ĵͣʼھ4.3 ǰ 
3000 ꡣ־һ޵ˡĬɭʿԹϵĿز
Silur оϵʿ־ס
е֮⣬־ʯڷ¹˹άǡ޵
ȺͶ˹֡Ҳ¶ޡޡޡ
޵־ʯ·İϵҪͶ

󶫲Ŧ͹ıϲ
־ʱڣŦԼ˺ɰҡ
ЩͿʼʱض½ػظںƽ֮ϡ־
ͳҪҳҡҺͰɡ־ʯһʵ¶
ŦԼݺͼô󰲴ʡǼϿȡǼٲ޿˲
֮ϣ־ϵγٲĸҡôĪںͲ
˹ά˵ͻɽҲ־൱ǿĻɽ־
ʱڣˮʼ˳ڵĶݡִݺŦԼݣ˹
ˮˮ塣Щ½ػպ͸ĺ˺ңʯΣִ
ݺŦԼݶοɽڿɡ־ʯ֣ 
Ϊ־ʱڱƺǸɺ½ء־ͣ
ƽģȻŷ޵ĵؿ˶4000 ӢͨеȺ˹
άǰ뵺쵽ڼﶫɽ̧ɵġ
콸ɺĴں͹㷺ֲʯұ־͵һ
ůʪġ־ʱڵָǳĵһرɺ
ʱڡ־ʱڵĺԹ㷺ֲ̦޺桢㶯콸ɺ
嶯ͱʯΪҶѾǷչĶʱڣĿ
٣ԵϵİȴڡЩЫ״Ľ֫ 
һ峤ɼ׵30 ףһЩȴﵽ2 סڽӽ͵
ĩڣȻ½Ͻǵľݵ㣬ΪڰĴǵ־ϵز
ҵ֪½ֲ
ʿ־ʯмЫӺ򼣬ǿǵ
ĺĶȻԭʼ㻯ʯ٣ǿ־Ψһļ
׵
־ϵʯȡõľԴɶݡִݺŦԼݵ
ȡõΣԼʯͺ
Ȼ
Silver Ȼ ȻΪڵĻѧԪأһ
ġ㷺ֲȻڽ󴲵ȻΪڡ
ȻҺγɵȻǱȽϴԭȻΪԭ
ֿͣ1ͷʯʯөʯʯӢŲĿ˹
󣬽ᾧõȻĴ걾Ǵطģ2ܡ
黯ﹲ磬ԵĿưغͷϵɭ 
3;˿ôĴܺμMineral Properties 
ۿʣ
Sima þ Ӣġ衱͡þͷĸɵһָ
ؿǺڴ½²þǳḻһ㡣þɸ
þʯɡڴ½ؿĵؿڲþϲΪ㣬ߵķ
Ϊ½档
SinkholeSinkSwallow Holeҿ һݵأ 
ͨʯܵˮܽγɵġʯࡢӲʯβĵط 
Ҳֻҿӡҿȴ1 ׵50 ײȣƽ׵ƽ
ﲻȡ״һֻҲıڶܵ
ĵΡҿпֲܻųƽ̹ĵײԼĳЩ

£ׯڡЩҿӸɺˮ˵ǿܵܣĳ
ЩӶ۾ˮSwallow holeеˮҲʧڵ¡ҿ
״ˮƽбʯҲ㣬¶ڵرͨ׷
ҿӺƽԭ
ҿ֣һֽݻҿӣCollaps Sinks¶Ѩ
ݶγɵģһֽʴҿӣSolution Sinksں
̼ˮʹرݶγɵġһһֲҲд
ֱĵطﶴMammoth Caveӿи
ҿӶ7 ޶лҿӡ
Skarn  еĿҪɸơþɵı
ҡܽӴõĲʯһγɡ
дͬСĿҵĽṹ״ṹҡ
Դھɵɿָ󴲰޼ֵĿ
Slate  ʯҳңıûɻɽϸ
ʯҳҵصܱΪġġƽʯ塣ĳЩģ
״ĸгƽе档ĸĶڱڼ䷢
ܱʯ壬ʹΪҪʯϣذשʯ
·ݶ̨ĻԼǰѧУĺڰ塣ҲľԵϡ
ʿԴӦҶʿǰҸǵݶ
ݶҵҪǸǺͱϦǡҪ
ŦԼݻʢغͷء
Slickenside  һѣϲ㣩ֿ֮们
ĥһƽĥ⡢۵档һЩдֱ۵̨
ĺСƽ״һЩһΪЩ̨׿ж
ҿ֮˶˶ؽ淽еģΪһ
˶ĥȻѾʵоҰ۲ܵ
ɡ
Slipoff Slope  ڽлĶӣڲ
ӻ¼Ϊ¡ںϼǿ
Уʴ׼治Ͻ͵·ġˣᱻеö
͹ɳѻкͳļӾ磬ͻ̲point bar̳
ߣӻбҲ˳ֲԳƵĽ׵ء
Slough  ǺӵΪݵءһֲں̲
УɷҶĺӵݱࡣ
Slump  »»ƶ
ͨڲ˳ˢɵͱڡӰԼڹ·γ
Ķڴȱ֧ܵö»
ϲԭıҪͣ²ȴԭĵߣΪ
һϵһ»תԵʡڻ
߲֮ϿɼεͱڣͱںĸߵأѶ
ѷ졣´Ϳʹһ绯ƶΪˮ뻬֮Уʹ
ĦСŻ»λڻײʻѳС飬 
ЩСʪ󣬾ͻᷢƶʯм
޽˺ӹУһδģĻʹڡ


ˮ˵һƶʱͳƣ
ʱһϵת
Smithsonite п пһ̼пǷʯһԱ 
뷽ʯƵĽᾧ죬ǳﳣ״״ 
߳ʷ״п󣩡ʯҵпһִԭ
пγɵġ
ֿʱΪмֵп
п󣬾ɫɫǣмط
пһʹɫɫˣĥװƷμMineral 
Proper- tiesۿʣ
Snells Law ˹ μIndex of Refraction ʣ
Snow ѩ ձϵһִˮʽǱһִʽ
͸Ļ͸Сɵġ¶ȵڱʱеˮ
γѩѩɱɵģÿƬѩ50 ֱ
2.5 סľ淴ߣʹʰɫ΢¹ۿ 
ĴС״ʽǲͬġ˵ûͬƬѩѩ䵽
ܻѩɱ
Snowline ѩ һûѩޡӳѩ
ɽϳֵĸ߶ԽԽͣһʵѩߵĸ߶Ҫɸõ
ġλڳķ޿ɽϵѩԼΪ4500 ף˹ɽ
Ϊ3300 ף˹ʥ˹ɽΪ1000 ףѩ߸߶Ƚӽ
Ǻƽ档ˮԴԽԶѩԽߣˣ̫ƽ
ʢݵİƥɽϵѩ߱ͬγȵຣ800 ı
԰1300 ҡѩ߻ȡڱɽµѩ߸߶һ
µͣڱǱӭܵ͡Ӱ죬Ӱ
ȱɽϵ͡ѩĵڳֲֻڷǳߵĵط
͵ƽ棩ѩԭ
Sodalite ʯ ʯһֺȵĹΣ˵Ǳ
ϺģƳʯҿҪϼʯ֮Уϼʯ
бϼʯƳʯȻʯаɫġɫĻɫģͨ
ΪɫǳɫɫķʯĥװƷμMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Soda Niter ʯ ʯһƿο
ģƽʱƵʯʯˮˣֻڸɺɳ
ĮҪǲԼάǵڽʯɰ
ӣʯκʯ໥㣬Źʯ﷢ֵģΪ
ըҩͻʵԭϡμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Soil  Ƿ绯ϲиֳʲάֲǲ
֡ǻһ绯ﾭġѧĺĸγɵĲ
ص򡢵Ρˮֲĸʡʱĳ̵
ġγɵĹǺܻģˣѧҶʴ
رӵġѧҶҲеȤڣ1ṩ
йعŴ2ĳЩйϵ3ǳ

һԴԴĳЩһֿγĳЩң4
ȷĳЩĸʵĳ
Soil Horizon  μHorizonsABcA 㣬B C 

Soil Profile  ĸԼʱ˴˳
Сеÿһ㣬ѧѧʷ涼ǲͬġ
Ǻ͵ƽеġڷϳֵУ
ҪΣA 㣨λϲB 㣨λм䲿λC 㣨λ
²㶼ɳĸʷɵġܺ
ĳЩطС1 ףеĵطɴ10 סμHorizonsAB 
CA 㣬B C ݡ

һַͬĲΡλڶA 㣬зֽ
˵лʺ;ѧ仯ĳĸʡB еʣ
ʪǴA ƶģڸɺǴǨ
ġC Ⱥо˱仯ĳĸʣҲδܱ仯ĳĸʣ 
𽥹ɵûоܹ仯ĳĸʡ
Solar Energy ̫ μEnergy ResourcesԴ
Solar Radiation ̫ ̫ĵŷΪ̫䣬 
ʱֳΪ䣨䡪insolationΪincoming solar radiation 
д
ۿԿǲֹ⼴ɼ⣬ֻռ̫ȫһ
ҡ׵һ󲿷ںⲨθⲨεֻ
ռСһ֡ѧҳѿɼͲӽڿɼĲŶ̲
䣬ѺⲨεķг䣬ԱѶھ
̫ƽλʱԵֱ̫ߵĵλڵλʱ
յ̫Ϊ̫̫µÿ
̫䵥λһ̫䵥λΪÿƽ1 ˿̫
͵ʹ1 ˮ1 ¶ȴ1416Ҫߵÿ
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ĵֻаķ֮һ̫ഹֱǲֵ
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ƽ־
Solar Wind ̫ ϵչγɵĵ
Ӻʹɵܵĵȵһֵ壩
֮Ϊ̫硣̫һ㡣һ¶ȺܸߡܶȺܵ͡
ʳʱһڱõԲģ
ʹ̫ͼֳ̫ڵĲͬ׶Σ״Ҳͬ 
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һΧڱ仯š
1951 ¹ѧ·ά񡤱ȶLud wig BiermannԤ
̫Ĵڡָ̫ĹѹԽ۲⵽ı̫
βΪ̫ĵӺɵĵǱ̫
ӵβγɵԭȻȶĹºӺ͵Ӵ̫
Ϊ̫ӵβڵʹų
໥õĽ̫͵ų໥ãγǰĵ
Ų㣨Ȧ״ĲԳơ
Solifluction ⶳ ͸ˮµƶ
ǺرָԼɽЩ涼
Ǳ˵ģļкܱһڻԸѩͱ
ˮ͸֮Уڻǲͳˮ
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ⶳѡܲȱΡⶳһҪĹ
̣ЩγɳĹ⻬µأֹͨ̽Űʴá
Sonar  Sonar ǡͲϵͳSound Navigation and 
RangingдɼͨһԴźŲձ
źȷˮĿλáһڵڶսڼ
ģҪȷǱˮͧλáοEcho Soundingۻݣ 
Acoustics Underwaterˮѧݡ
Sorosilicate  忿һ
ΪһΡ27þƳʯһ
Silicate Structure and Classification۹εĽṹͷ
Space Mission 񣨿ռ ٲμApollo Progran۰
̽ƻݣLunar GeologyѧݣMarsGeology ofۻ
ѧݼSurveyor̽ߺţ
Spatter ConeAgglutinate Cone׶׶
򼯿׶ һֻɽС׶ճҺڵγɵ
齨ɡ̻ճڸϣ
γб¶׶׶60 ׻ĸ߶ȣͨ
15 סձ鷢СĽ׶ҵ׶
ɽڱγɽұݡ緢һǽ
һ½ʱѹ̽ʱγɽҺͻɽ׶ڰ
ɽڹﱣо޴Ľ׶
Specific Gravity  ֪ĳʵغͬ
һֱ׼ʵֵ֮ÿﶼıأ
ڿǺҪġ͹ԣΪȽϵı׼4ʱ
ˮǣһ10 أˮ2 أı5
Ȼ
Ǻ׳ģҪⶨͬˮǷǳ 
 ָ˻˵ĺڵ ռķУҲΪռ񡱣 
ĳ Щ壨ȣ½ͨΪ̽ѧϺ ݡ

ѵġԭһʽˮУܵ 
ڿᣬſˮڽбزⶨʱ 
ȳڿеȻˮеֵ֮
͵ſˮ㹫ʽǣڿе/ˮм
ءμDensityܶȣݣHeavy LiqnidҺ
Specific Heat ȵλ һ¶һ
ٿһȡʵڲⶨֵʵıֵ
ڴϹƵڲͬȴ¶ԼԶʴ
رҪ塣
Specularite  һġ״
ļ״ĳ
Speleology Ѩѧ ԶѨ͵¶ѨоһְѨ
֡顢ԼԾѨпѧѧֲѧ͹ѧ
ѧ͵ѧоĶѧԿѧѨѧĺܶоرǶѨ
֣ͲɶѨѧߺͰרҵɵġŷк
־רŴڶѨѧо
Speleothem Ѩ ѨеĽᾧʯʯʯ
ԼɵʯdripstoneʯflowstoneγɵΡ
Sperrylite 鲬 鲬һֲ黯ܺǣ 
ĳЩطΪ󿪲ɵҪǼô󰲴Ե²
ǺͭģΪҪԴϷǣǣ
ʩάҽУҲһĿʯ
Spessartite ʯ ʯ̺ʯʯаǳ
ɫ
Sphalerite п пһппҪʯ
һֲַ㷺ͨڿʯҵĽУ뷽
Ǧ󡢻ͭ󡢻ͷʯпǴʱΪɫɫ 
٣ͨһЩṹеппź
Ӷɫǳƣɫ䵽ɫɫп뷽Ǧ
пһơblende 
ĵԭäĿġƭģΪͷǦƣ
ǦпȫʮĽ򣩣Ǧȫ
Ľ򣩣ԴǺ׵ġμMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ¼4
SpheneTitaniteʯ ʯһѵĹο
״ШӽʯǻУرϼʯеͨĸ
ҲƬҡƬҺͽᾧСĿ뵺ʯϼʯ
ʯγɾ޴Ŀ壬Ϊѿ󿪲ɡʿıȶӹȺʥ 
Ųİ״ôİԺͿҵľ塣͸ɫ
ɫʯгİıʯΪкܸߵĹ󡣵ǣӲȵ
55.5Ϊʯ;Ľһ󡣲μMineral Prop erties 
ۿʣ
Spheroidal Weathering ״绯 ѵϻµĻһ
ʯĻҿ鰴սıɼӲʯ˵Ĺ̡ʯ˵滷

һͬԲ״ķ绯ҡʯ˵ĴСֱΪ׵ײȡ
ǣͨмӢֻҪôһǱͬʯ˷ֿ
绯ʵСͻѧʵ
ˮͿ֮ʹοܵˮ⡢ˮԼã 
ճЩʵʹˣɴ˶Ӧ
ʹһϰǱܷ绯ֱ
绯ʯؾͱˡ
Spherulite  ɴһͬķά״ɵС״
״塣ںҼҵĻձڡĳЩ
ȫɳʯɣձǳʯʯӢʯӢ
Spinel ⾧ʯ ⾧ʯǼ⾧ʯþĳԱɫɷݶ
仯аɫɫɫɫɫɫ͸ɫʱ
ʯΪʯͨĺɫʯϣν챦⾧ʯʵ
챦ʯȱõⲿʱ챦⾧ʯʮƵģֿ
ġ̫Ӻ챦ʯǶӢϺܾԺżΪ
챦⾧ʯ
⾧ʯڽᾧҺƬһֳıʿһЩɫĻ
ҲΪһָ֡ΪĻѧʲãкܸߵӲ
ȺͱأǶѻΪɰ󡣺챦⾧ʯ˹̩
˹ӵĺʯɰҵġμMineral Propertiesۿ
ʣ
Spinel Group ⾧ʯ ʯһƾṹ 
̬ƻѧɷص塣ҪĳԱ
ǣ⾧ʯMgAl2O4FeFe2O4п⾧ʯZnFe2O4 ͸FeCr2O4 
ͨʽдAB2O4A þп̣B ͨ
A Ԫصı˴໥B Ԫصı˴໥˵Ŀ
Ļѧɷݾͻкܴı仯磬ڼ⾧ʯУп̾Ϳ
þMg͸Al⾧ʯп
ҪĽᾧ̬
Spit ɳ Ӵ½ͻڿˮеģɳʯ
ɵɳ̲ɳ뼹ȴӼʮ׵30 ϲȡ̲ͬ
ĳһҲɲ˺ͺĻγɵġɳ쳣ͬϵͱ
һڿͱڵĵطɴɳɣͱԽԶԽϸΪ
ذϸɳӵٶҪȴɳӿԵʣһԭǴɳ
˶ܵĥʴСˡھᵽǡԼۺ
ϳɼɳ졣ӢŦԼȵغһ
ӢŵԼ˵ȵغһɳ졣
Spodumene ﮻ʯ ﮻ʯһĹοΰ
У﮿ﹲ﮵Ҫʯմɡغ
ҩϡǴڵ;Ǹ͵ĸӼȻ﮻ʯǱȽϡٵ
ΰпҵܴľ壬ѱ壬ȳ12 
ףкü֣ϴɽİֵġ﮻ʯһǰ
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﮻ʯɫıֳΪ﮻ʯгıʯ﮻ʯ

﮻ʯбȽͨıʯ֣ڼǵ˹
ӵط﮻ʯڱݵ˹ǡμMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ
Spring Ȫ رӿˮȻڣӿˮСεÿ
ȡȪˮĲͬͨˮˮС
߲ڵĲͬ͸ˮҲв͸ˮҲ㣬͸ˮ
Ҳ¶·ĩڽӴϾͻγȪ͸ˮҵˮ 
͸ˮҲ˶ȻԲƽڽӴеĵطȪ
ˮʽӿˡ
ʯҵִ͵ȪΪﺬжѷ
Σˮֻ©ʯб˴˹ͨĴͶף 
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SpringˮȪÿҹɴʯӿˮ20 ڹˮ
Ȫ
ˮڵ¶λ֣ͨaӿ״ң绨ң
bжѨʯʯңȥcӲ͸ˮʯ
ĵ
ҵĽ¶棬ˮ´ĩֵط
ҲγȪȵĸ˹ӣFurnace Creek 
ɺĵ֮һΪɽ´ôһϵͳܻô
ˮˮԴӦͺܳԣ
ԺͳУеȪģػʱػߵļլ͵ﱤ 
ҲȪˮġ
SpurTruncated ɽ μTruncated Spurɽ
Squeeze-up  ճͨҿеѷ絽
ʱγ״״Ш״塣״
ֱͨ2 Լ߶С60 ס״Գ
6 Լ30 סШ״ͨһЩѹѷ 
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Stability ȶ ѧϣȶͨʾпֱ
ľ̶ȡһſʹϻ˶ܵ
ãôʱǾ̬ȶġǴȶ״̬ʱ
ʹһſôĿ¶ȾͻΧͣ
ҲͱΧֻ³ڴ㴦ȶ״̬
ʹһſ˶ô˶Ŀ¶ȾͻΧ
ߣֻŵĿȻΧů³
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һֱ˶Ŀûܵʹٻٵ˶ʱ
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ȶ̶ȡ¶ȵĵݼʣҲȡڸʱ
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9.8棬ʱʹڲȶ״̬Χ¶ȵݼʸպ
ÿ9.8棬ڸɾ¶ȵݼʣʱȶȾʹ
״̬ûб͵Ŀڴ˶ʱѹļ
ͣ͡Ҳÿ9.8һȴνȹ̾һ
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̼ƹɣʯҶ´ȴӼ׵ײȡΪ̼
ƹ͵ˮĻѧж϶ͽеࡣ̼
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ȡڳʱѨڵ¶ȡ
ʯһʯۣɶˮλöɣԶ
ʯʯγʯcolumnʯĳȡ

ڷʯĿǿȣʯĸ߶ܷʯѹǿȣѹǿִö࣬ 
ʯԱʯ񳤡ʯʯס͸ʣ 
Żҡ졢ơֶɫѶѨӳĵͷס
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ѨɵˮγɵĻѧΪˮʯdripstone˳Ŷ
򶴵ʵˮµĻѧˮʯflowstone
Staurolite ʮʯ ʮʯһֺˮΣƬУ 
һֱõĲʯʯʯԺõĵ֣ 
ʾбĶԳơձʮּ״˫
γɵġ˫ͣһǣ彻Լ60㣬һ
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Ϊʯ۾Ψһ;ˡμMineral Properties
ۿʣ
Steinkernsٻʯʯ μCasts and Moldsģģ
Steptoe ֺ һΧأϵС
ɽֺֺʾ˱ûʯ࣬
ҵ֮ǰĵζҲ˵Իʢݿƶ
˹˹̩аɽSteptoe ButteʯӢҹɣأ
ױǸԭ֮ϡ
Stibnite  һҪͨ
ҶƬ״״״壬ʱҲϸ״ġΪɫн
кܺõĽӲȵͣ2ڻĻºۻ
ڵҺͽУɰؾʯۻơƻ
ͽμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Stilbite Էʯ ԷʯһֺˮĸĹοһ
ʯϸСİ״γɵ״塣ҵĿն
Ϊ֣ʯʯʯʯʯ
Ĳбӡȡô˹ᣨNova ScotiaԼ
ݶμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Stock  һС͵Ļ壬һ㸲С100 ƽ
һֻǺ߱ǰ涼ˡ
йʯеĲ״졣ǵǺ
ġϲɽа˹˼ɽһʴ

ġĸؿ飬Īɣȿˣһ꣬Χ
߳Լ1220 ס
Stoping ʴ μMagmatic Stopingҽʴã
Strain Ӧ ʯܵǿȵʱıλ˶Ӧ
Էε״ı仯İٷ
Stratification  ʯɿʱɲСǳ
ҵɫص㣬״ҲһЩŴĳЩ
мһĲʱһϵг
зÿĶ͵׶һɱʾ
棬־һĽһĿʼ
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Stratigraphic Unit ز㵥λ ΪͼԱȻо
һһҲ㡣ԸĹﻯʯز㵥λ
䣨ʱز㵥λһЩʽӦð
ʱλͣ
Stratigraphy زѧ ѧһ֧漰ʯ䡢
˳򡢹졢ʡֲԼģʽʾһЩ͡
ҪݳҵоҲ԰ҡزѧԶ
ʯеزַ࣬ʯ֯ɸֵز㵥λЩ
ز㵥λʯıȽѧ͹صȷġ
λʱ䵥λ͡ڣʱز㵥λ硢ϵͳͽף
ʯز㵥λȺ顢κͲ㣩Լز㵥λϴ
Ϊ˱ֵزѧһԺϵͳĲ裬زѧίԱ
ر׼ѱزѧǹ㷺زá
Stratosphere ƽ ƽλڶ֮ϡϽ50 
ߣϽмĵײΪƽ֮޵Ķ㶥
ĸ߶γȡں״кܴ仯㶥ƽ߶ԼΪ11 
ƽĵײ32 ĸ߶һΧڵصڴֱ
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ϱֲ߶ȻӣƽԷǳȶΪص㡣
ڷɻƽзҪųˮͶ̼ˣƳ
ٸٷɻķע⵽ƽȾ⡣ϸС
΢ƽͣʱҪڶͣʱ䳤ƽ
ȻڵˮȻΪ٣ж٣֪úȷС
ȱ۲ϣⲻܸԻش
Stratum ز ɴͬ͵ʯʣ̽Ļδ̽ģ
һȷڵй㷺طֲĳҲ㣬κһ
ȣбڵزĶصľһȻЩҺͱ
ҲԳֳ״һϸ˵ֻڳʡ
Streak  ǿĩɫﲻ̫ӲĪӲ
С7۾ͿɿûԵĴɰϿ̻õִɰ

۰塣ܶȻкܿɫ仯Χɫǹ̶ģ
ڼʱõġ
StreamRiver кӵȻˮɰͬ׼
ࡣһǸݺӴ͵ˮλĹϵࡣӴȵˮλ͵ĺ
ˮƳӣӴȵˮλߵĺˮƶӡ
ˮλʱںӴʱںӴĺƶӡ
Ӵɸݺӵ˳ŵرԭ¶ȱ˳ӡԭ
еرܵʴγɵĵرϣ˳ӡеĺԭ
¶෴ķӡеĺȽϡĵط
ֲԼʴҲ㣬Ǻɺӡԭ
ԣͰֺΪбӡ
ӵɽĺΪȳɺӡֺɽγǰѾ
رһеúӡֺԽԭϸҲ
Ҳ㣬ԭϸҲ·ҲȻվ
ȳɺӺ͵úӣѱ
ɸݺӵӵĳƶӡӵΪɵĳ
״ӡ֧ϮǶͷӡӹȹխĺǲƺӡ
кˮ١ӹԵ̫ģƺˮٲƺӣˮࡢӹԵ̫խ
ĳƺˮ಻ƺӣOverf-it StreamǾӡֺ
͹徶ɳ״̬ȲʴӵҲںӵг

Stream Capture Ϯ μPiracyϮ
Stream Erosion Cycle of ʴѭ W.M.ά˹
Ĺںչ̵۸ΪݻҪꡢ׳
⼸Ľ׶Σÿһ׶ζԼصʱڵĺ
ӴխӰͣʡVΣӴ¶ȴ󣬶ٲ
ʴѸٵԴʴֺûзƽԭΪٴ 
㹻кӲۡʱһлƽ 
¶ȼСٲͼʧƽ¶С棬ṩҲСˣ 
кӹȣʹ֮ӿȻĻ˥ˣɳ
ӿ˵ĺӲгһķƽԭѻ֮󣬺ͱ
ȵ׵ĿȾ͵εĿˡڼ
ķƽԭ֮ΣҾţԼ
ʱͽˡϽʱӴȽǳС
ûʴЯɳˡе֧ѷ죬ֲ 
⡣ѧҶȷ۲ûʶԼ
ʯĿʴ֮Ķƽ⣬ʯҲǶԺӹȵ״
Ӱ֮һ
Stream Frequency Ƶ λںߺ
ıʡƵȡֲʯ͡ɽ˽
һи̶Ⱥṹ
Stream Regime  ١ӵʺɳ
ȷĳ̬ƽ״̬ĺΪ
StreamFluvialTerrace ӳɽ׵ ڻشʹ

ǰķƽԭγ˸߳ڵķƽԭ֮ϣͰͱڵķ
ƽԭһƽ̹ĵ档׵ͨǳ㱻иγɵģҲ
ǻұиγɣ׵أ׵ؿǳɶԳ֣˵
඼ͬ߶ȵĽ׵أҲܲɶԡɶԽ׵Ѹиγ
ģһĽ׵ӳ˱ȽϻлȻʴȻڡ
ɶԵĽ׵ؿ仯γɵģɺ¶ѻõķ
չֲԹµʴͰʴȴǿ
Ӳ۵С
ɶԵĽ׵ζŻı仯ֵصͬһ׵
ĸ߶Ȳһ£ɽӹȷбͶѻ׵ɺĳ
еĽУͬʱвʴγɵġͻȻ仯
γɽ׵ءˣ׵صĴڿԱһ򡢹졢ĸ
Լˮ仯
Stream Tin ɰ ɰɰгʹԲ״ʯ
Stress Ӧ һϻڵλϵӦ
ڹ強ѹãѹãӦҲ
ɶõһͬƽеͬһõ
ȵ෴żӦһʵһ
ʵ㷢Сڵرڲй춼ӦĲ
ϲ㡢֮Ĺɳõʯǿȶѻ
ɵġμcompressive StressѹӦݣShear StressۼӦݣ 
Tensile StressӦ
Strike  رһ״״ϲķ
һˮƽཻġ
Strike Joint  ƽ״һֽ
Strontianite ȿ ȿһ̼ȿʯе
һԱʯƵľ幹;̬ͬһ
ݲȿһֵҺĿڻ
УƷʯʯͷʯμMineral Propertiesۿ
ʣ
Subduction Zone  μBeni off Zone۱·
Submarine Canyon Ͽ ڶġխеĺ׹ȵء
Ͽ½ԵзֲϿڴ½¿ǧ½
ӵ½ܣзӿԴ½ϲຣ
Ͽȣ磬ذĹѷϿȣHudson Canyon͵άϿ
ȣDe-laware CanyonԵ½ϵĺϵͳļ졣ں
ϿȵԴѾۼʮˡѾļ˵УкХ˵
˵Ȫ˵ͺ׻³˵Ϊѧ
ܵһǣں½رڱڼ䣬иĺӹȺ
϶γϿȡڼʱ򣬴󲿷ִ½ܶûкˮǣ
ЯɳʴӴ½ΪЯ
ʽŴ½к£иϿȡ
Submarine Landside ױ ׵Ĵʵ˶
½ϵɽơױɵɵģ

ױֽһԵĺ˻ХĳЩ£½ϵɽ
ܺͺױϣڼǵĶɽĺԼڻɽ
пֱܷױܻذشΣľ޴
Ρ
Submarine Valley ׹ȵ ײġε̬ڸ
͵ĺ׹ȵУϿϤĺͷֲձġֲ
½ϵĹȵرΪ½ܺӴע뺣еĺ½ϵĹȵص
ͬʱһ뺣Ͽνӣֻмʮףڽ
ഹֱǰز۹Ⱥ¹Ǻͺӳϵһġ
ǰز۹ǱȽϿU ιȣ޾½Ե졣¹Ǻ׹ȵ
Сһ֣Ѹǰӵ޵ĲȶбϷͻȻ
γɵġ۹ǿȣмףڸڼƽ
ڴ½ϵ̳ġϲխֱĹȵأ
ģɵؿеĶϲγɵġ
Subsequent Stream ɺ ƺӡӡˮ˳ĳЩ
͡ϲ㡢Ƭʴ·нбĻ򾭹õ
Ҳϵˮ׳Ϊɺӡˮ˳ҳҺʪʯ
ҲʴʣµļӲҲɽֺӦµҲ
ʽṹ
Subsurface Water  Underground Water  Subter ranean 
Waterˮ رµκˮֶڡˮִڷ绯
RegolithĿ֮䣬ԼңBedrockѷ졢ͨѨ
׵Сˮ¿ɴﵽǧ׵ֵطѹ̫һ
׵ȫзգˮҲ͵Ϊֹˡ
ˮܶкܴľ塣˵1965 ֻ꣬
һÿҹȡĵˮ2300 ڹ610 ڼأ֮ࡣ
ôˮҵȺճʹãռˮ20ҡ
ڵϵˮҲҪˮΪһʴӪѿʼ
ܽ⣬ͣǳ;ҲУߴ뽭ӣת뺣
ôһУη־ԽԽࡣںУЩܽ
ĿʱֲգɳӲʲֲЩӲʲγɺ
ҡ
ϵʯˮòʯʯķ绯һ
ɵˮúԵܽٳɵġˮĿ
δ̽ĳе𽥱ӲȻΪҡ
ʯеĶѨԼѨеʯʯĳЩ壬Ҳڵˮ
˶вġ
ˮǵˮҪԴˮ䵽ԺȻ˳
½뽭Ӻͺ󣬻Ҳ㣬ʹˮõ䡣Щˮӿ
ΪȪSpring
ˮΪࣺˮԭˮҽˮˮѩˮڱ
ˮĽˮMeteoric watermeteoric ϣﹹɣԭΪ߿ա 
ڿˮԭˮCon- nate water
ＴʹӲΪңܱһԭˮˮڵѧ

Ȼ壬˵ͱˮٵöˡеԭˮ̫̣ 
ũҵճ޷á;гˮһ㶼Ϊԭˮ
ݵĺε㣨Salt lickʷжӡڰˡػ
ôҪΪкηֵԭˮֵصر˶ 
Ϊʲôο󡣵ҽӿȴʱ漷ˮ
ҽˮJuvenile waterЩҽˮˮȦУЩ
ʯС˵ҽˮĿǰûжҪԡμWa-ter TableǱ
ˮ
Sulfate  ǺSO2Ļο
ֻ࣬ǳģ磬ؾʯʯǦӲʯ࣬ 
ΪˮΣʯࡢͭкΣΪˮΡ
Sulfide һһֻһϵĽ
ϡδʣģ෴Ǿ
ʣһҪĿΪһͭǦ
пܵĿʯ
Sulfide enrichment 򻯸 򻯸ͨγɴ
󣬻ڱнｻ
ͻͭ󱻻ͭ󽻴һӡμSecondaryEnrichment۴
ã
Sulfur ȻȻԪȻ״̬ڵĿ
кܸǺܳһʷʱУȻԪصҪĴ
ԴȻʯΪŻһɫĻ棬
ɶһϢõģζ塣Щصͻɫɽ

Ȼ򳣳ڻɽڱ߻ɽڸɻɽų
γɵġī硢ġձͰ͢ЩɽγɵȻһ
ҪԴ5800 ׵ĻɽϿȻȻ򻹿
ϸζγɡڵʯУӲʯʯ๲
ȻĳͱΪġ͵ȻĲＪ
ٸ￪ɣܺõĽᾧˡڵÿ˹
·˹ҸҵȻҲƵĳȻ
Ӳʯࡢʯͷʯڵ¼ʮ׵øϣ
ȡīຣ߼ЩĿ󴲣Ӷʮͳʼ 
ҪȻء
SunstoneAventurine Oligoclaseճʯ ճ ʯǸʯ
һֱ֣агİ壬һֽɫ⡣
Supergene ǳ ǳ½Һγɽ
ã෴ָҺĳɿá
SuperimposedSuperposedStream ú ֺ
ϸϣнʴҲСҲ˵ϸҲ
ȻµҲ㣬ԱԭеĺӵûƶֺӣGreen 
Riverнĵͳǲ㣬ٵݵɽ
Uinta MountainУһɽӻкܶ࣬е
úӣٷ羰续ϿȡμAntecedent Streamȳɺӣ


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ʴӴ幹졣ͼc ǵʴʴǿ
Ҳ㣬ɽΪɰɣԱԭĺӲ۲䡣
Supratidal Zone ϴ 󻷾½صĲ֣ų
һխشһشֻڷ籩ʱűˮû߳
˻ɽֲĳЩܳڸɺ
塣
Surveyor ̽ߺһϵ½Ĳ˵Ŀռɴÿһ̽
ߺŷɴһ̨һСĵ綯Ƕ
ңءҪĿѧǣοӣǿС̽
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ȫҲǶοӶηڼİ
ɢʵṩʵĻѧݣȡصƷ
ķһ¡
Suspended Load  ЯˮеĹмҪ
һЩʣbed loadϸʡΪ͵΢
ٶСںʴٶȡʵĶ٣ȡпĴС
ˮĳٶȡغʵķֲӵ׵ľ
ͬӵףܶһ˵еɰԽӵԽࣻ 
ɳĴֱŨȣƺûʲô仯ʺĹϵΪС
ԽЮԽࡣ
Syenite  һҪ΢бʯʯɵҡͨ
ͨʯ/ĸԼбʯ߿ܻʯӢϼʯ
5ͨ׻ʯʯʯʹ
Sylvanite ڽ ڽһֽڻ
ЩĿʯĴǿݵĿն
ˣڽͽڻﹲҪĿʯЩ⣬ 
ǺĿμMineral Prope-rtiesۿʣ
Syncline б ؿĹ졣򵥵бУ
ҲӸббϷֿйбĺϣ 
ڵرһһȼҲ㣬Ժʯӽбλ
á
Synclinorium б ٴＸĴ졣
бƽһϵнСɡ
֮ƽеĵطؿʯΪһ첢Ϊ
ոᣨAlleghenyб
System ϵ ȽСһʱز㵥λָڵʱһ
γɵʯһϵҲԴȱо
ϵҲ͵ʯһЩ
ϵCretace-ous SysfemCreta
˼ǰѣΪӢ뷨֮ӢϿֲİѼ͵ز
ʵʶġ
Systematic Joint ͬϵͳ һƽеһ

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ʯʹǱȽٵģʵҵ桢Լ豸
ʯһִþʹΣʯʯʯʴģ 
ǵͼҵǻʯƬҵҪɷݡ״ʯ
ʯȫɻʯɡμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
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ıӺոݻںԼұ԰емѾˡ
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̫󣬻Ѹٶѻ֮УôмûֲԵģҪ
мѻرмγɹѲٽеĻôͻֲ
мѵĹ̽γмҡ
Tantalite  ̡Ҫ
ʯĴҪʯټģЩ꣬
һϵУǿϵһ˳Աʱı
7.9꺬Ӷ١Ըݺܸߵıءɫһ
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ʯϸʯǿḯʴĽڻѧװϣ
͹ǹ̶Ƭͷ룬ڵӹк͹߸СμMineral Properties
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λͬһвͬһϵļɴıΪ
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Tar Sand ɰ μEnergy ResourcesԴ

Tectonics عѧ ѧһ֧̽ڵ
رľ͹̬빹ѧһ´عѧоĵʿѧ
ңȤǵķ࣬ԼΪҪоģʽμ
Plate Tectonics۰鹹
Tectosilicate ״ ĸӶ
干еһνм״ΡSiO=12ʯӢSiO2 
һҪĳʯƳʯͷʯڼ״Ρ
ڼ״У豻棬ǣȻıֵ12ǹ
ıֵȻ12μSilicate Structure۹νṹͷ 

Tektite ʯʯ׹ī ȫɲɵС
״塣ʯľȷɿĳ򻹲ȨʿΪʯ
Telluride ڻ ڻںһֻֽĻҪ
ڽڽ
Temperature ¶ һ˵¶ָ¶ȼƶһȵ
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Ҳȴذ
Tennantite ͭ ͭͭϵеԪμ
Mineral Propertiesۿʣ
Tensile Stress Ӧ μTensionã
Tension  һʹ巢ѣ˹
ǿȣķõÿλϵΪӦÿƽӢ
ϵİÿƽϵţ㡣ڵررʯ
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ʯɵĻɽңһƳʯҡ
TerraceElevated Marine ɽ׵ ʴԼǰ
ʴ׵ƽ֮ϺγɵĽ׵ءԭǵؿ˶Ҳ
Ǻƽ潵ͻ߼֮źһطһ
ط׵صĸ̱߳仯ܴôԭضɵؿ˶
ĳЩذشԿһ׵أһ޴¥ݣÿһ׵ؾͺ
һ̨סϲ˹˹һ
أ߳400 ףʮ֮ࡣγЩ׵صĵؿ˶ʱ
൱̨ϵĺٽĴеһġ
ĶոغԼ³غشֱ
Լ̫ƽ϶зرõɽ׵ءЩɽ׵ر
ǰĺƽĸ߶ȡ
TerraceWave-cutWave-cut Platform or Benchʴ
أʴ̨أʴ̨ ɺ˺ذĻûذ
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֣һʴ׵أ˻׵ءʴ׵ڻһ绯Ͽ
ɵġ˻׵ɢĳɣЩɢǴʴ׵ص
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޵ĺʴ¶Ļһ绯㣬ᱻ½ϵʴ̴ܴ
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ΧɼμTerraceElevated Marineɽ׵أ
Terra Rossa ճʵĺɫ绯ǣڵر
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ĺɫƽ̹ںĶѻطʯ϶
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Terrestrial Radiation  ӵȥȫ
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Ǵӵ㴫ĺ䣬
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Terrigenous Sediments ½Դ еҪһ
Ⱥɴ½ʴʹɵġ
Tertiary Period  ϵһͣʼھ6500 
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ͶӡȺϵԺࡢǺͻɽҵΪ 
ڰĴй㷺Ļɽ֤ݡ
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г֡ǶǺģЩҲܺǿҶġ
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īذƽԭ쵽ī硣ǼкģҲзǺģ 
ڵÿ˹ݺ·˹ݵذƽԭرĺȡЩط

㱻Բ״ξ̴ʹʯϹγ𣬶ʯͺ
Ȼڱ½ڲϴӵÿ˹ԱĶݵ
ôİƽԭУڴīݵ˹ʡɽ 
ԼϲոԶڻݵĴŷǺ
Щزϴݵİ͵ȡݵĲ˹ȹҹ԰ɫ
гϵҲʯԴʾ˵ʵ

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Tuffۺң
Tundra ̦ԭԭ Ҫֲָŷޡ޺ͱ޵ı
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Turbidite  turbidity currents
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ײС˺͡ˡwhite Water
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flowӴǳǼٲˮڷǳߵγɵġ
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μReynolds Numberŵ

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˵ǸλáҲһֵһһʯ֣ 
类ʶǸط

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״Щάγɵʯһṹļ塣Ƹʯ
ڸɺγɵģɰУγһۻı档
һֿԴƣɰμMineral Propertiesۿ
ʣ
Unconformity  زϵʯֿһص
ʴ棬Щʯĵز

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dƽƽظ档
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ͣÿһֶṩйعȥĵ¼Ϣص
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Underfit Stream ˮٲƺ μMisfitStream۲
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˿ѰһңԶĽμMineral Propertiesۿʣݣ 
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ҲɽԨȡ
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ڵĵļ͵ĳ䡣μGlaciolacustrine Deposits۱ 

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ҴǽЩҴǽһ𣬹˻ɽ׶Լ
ʹɽ׶ֿܵʴáϻɽһɰɽʻʸ
ɡϻɽǻʱƽ緢緢
ɽм䷢
ϻɽǻĻֻܵ΢İʴãôɽϾ
ֻɽڻƻɽڡϳֻɽмʻɽ׶Ͷѻ
𡣸ϻɽȶܻɽԼиĻɽмʡɽ
׶һºܶ󡣼ʹڵγϻɽ߶
ܴձ鱻ѩԭͷ״ıǣˣ
Һͻɽмһ㣬磬ոݻںɽ
ϻɽǷǳ׳۵Ļɽ׶Ļɽ
ϻɽ˹ɽɳ˹¡ʥ˹īĲ
ضͰͣձĸʿɽάɱ
ɽ϶ĿϣȺϣĶԼ̹ɣǵ
ɽ
VolcanoCompound ʽɽ ϵļ͵Ļɽ壨
ɽ׶ɽ׶ܻɽϻɽͶѻɵĻɽ
ﰣɻɽһ͵ĸʽɽǱһ300 ׸ߵĻɽ׶
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ʷĴ󲿷ʱڣƽ緢˶ܻɽ
ңγ˻ɽ׶ϼ˹ϵİﲮ˹ɽһ
ģиʷĸʽɽ߶ȴ4000 סĻһл
µĶܻɽڶܻɽγһϻɽԼڸϻɽ׶ƻɽ
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VolcanoNew »ɽ һ»ɽĵһּĺ
ηĳ棬һֺ¼ʷʱֻ۲쵽Լʮ»
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ġڴ˻ɽڼ䣬еҶǴӻɽ׶ġ
ڵһڼ䣬ʥ͢򡣻ҳ
30 Զ³ԼϸĻ䵽300 Զīǡڴ˻ɽ

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׵Ļɽסٻˣۿںҵȡ˻ɽ׶ʹ
õ2.5 ƽĿɸء
VolcanoShield üλɽ μShied Volcano۶λɽ
Vorticity ȡ ָһһ
תĶֱͨڵָ춥һ㡣ڴл
еһ͵洹ֱԿǣ1 
˶֮Ϊȣ2Ŵֱڵ
˶ӳ˵ת˶ʱֳ֮Ϊȡ
μConvergence۷ϣݣDivergence۷ɢ

W 
Wad  һֺˮ̵ĻWash Load кʣ
ɳݺбȺӴʸϸĹ徶ͨںˮϸС
΢ɡ
WaterfallCataractٲ ƽƻ
ֱֱµٲݼ٣cascadͬݼһ
СٲͼrapidҲ𣬼ûôٲ붼Ƿ
ʴɵġһֳˮƽеٲԭʴĽ״
塣ٲˮܴʴʣʴٲˮ̶
Ǽٲǽʴٲ
ݻʯϵĴٲγɵġ
ٲ
һʴҲϵʱٲγˣʴ
ϸһҲ㡣Ҳ㱻ʴʱҼܿն
ٲµµԵڵˮٲ䴦̶ʯ
ٵĵط
֧ԽͬʱҲܲٲɽõȱ
پñȸɹȡڻ֧Ⱦ͡Ȼ߳
ˡݵԼٲYosemite Fallsһӡ
кʴ£ñС幵죬Ҳٲ
ٲǹٲ1959 ꣬ ɴݵĺ񱾺
HegbenLake𣬶ϲºᴩٲһ
̧ʹشγвֲ۵㣬Ҳٲе
ٲ᳤档ΪӴˮѹʹٲϺˣֱ
ƽΪֹ
˵Ǹٲ硰󡱵ٲΪˮͷߵٲ
ˮġί׺ӣChurun Riverİնٲ
AngelFallsˮͷ807 ףˮȴ560 סʵϣ
ˮͷ߳300 ׵ٲˮƽ֮ǺӵٲSete 
QuedasٲGuaira Fallsˮͷ߽65 ףˮȴ 
13 310 סЩˮˮͷ߶ܿɹ۵٣ȻҲΪ׳
۵ģάǡǼޡPaulo Alfonsoٺ
ٲЩٲڲͬʱڱͬĿΪ
ٲô˵ЩΰȻǵʤĵ
ˣǻǼҪˮԴ
Water Gap ˮϿ ᴩʴɽϿڻɽɺʴɲ
ˮϿĳ򣬻ȳɣantecedenceǵ
superposi- tionȳɣɽ̧ǰѾ
᣻ԵãǱϸҲĺ·
ʴҲ㣬άԭ·䡣ӢӢǶˡ 
 ȫΪCachoeira de Paulo Alfonsoλڰݡ˹֮ʥ˹ƺΡ 


˹Chalk Downsɽǵɽ 
ˮϿμWind Gap۷ڣ
Water Mass ˮ һض¶Ⱥ/ζΪġоһ
ȵľ޴ˮ飬ν֮ˮšкУһضصˮţ 
ľһһɴٹǧˮŻˮ
һطһطһһжγɵģ磬 
ˮȺĴ뵽󻷾Уγˮšк
ĺˮֱӺϿкγһ͵ˮţ
вˮȻ൱ԡ
Watershed  μDrainage Basin
Waterspout ˮ ˮ©״Сˮл
ڵ¶ڴ½žʱŶγɵġȻ
ṹˮ½ˮڹģϺͨҪС
ˮʱˮֻߵ߳漸׵ĸ߶ȣˮĭﵽĸ
ҪߵöࡣīкغȴˮУˮ
ձġ
Water Table Ǳˮ ؿеһĽ棬ǵ
ĵطе졢С׺Ŀ϶ˮĿ
һǿʪǱˮܰرڸ
ܵڵʮ¡ɽǱˮ棬Զ 
ȵصǱˮ棬ֿЩˣǱˮǵεһִµķӳ
Ǳˮʱʱͣ½꼾ߡ
ڷ绯ǲͻУ϶׶һֿΪͨ㡣
ͨڵرǱˮ֮䡣Ǳˮ϶׶ڶˮ 
бͲ㡣Ͳһֱ쵽޴ѹһпնȫĵطΪ
ֹǱˮ±ͲеĵˮǱˮPhreatic water phreatic 
ϣԭΪڷ绯ͻеĿնĵˮ 
²ˮGroundwaterܶѧáGroundwaterһʱ
ָǱˮµĵˮPhreatic waterԡͨڽ
һ㣨ʪ㣩ˮֽˮϲˮ Suspended 
waterһ㱻ֲã޷ͨëϸ´Ǳˮ档Ǳ
ˮϣëϸܱԵ㣩Ŀ϶еˮ֣ܱţǱ
ˮµˮԱϵɲеˮΪ׶ıĤμ
Subsurface Water۵ˮ
Water Vapor ˮ ̬ڵˮˮˮѭ
һڡеˮԵˮеˮ
Ҫڵ֮ϼķΧڡˮͨҺ
ͨñɱγơͨãˮӴ
аǱ͵ȥյַ̫ܾͨ
ʽѺܴһתΪƶ˶ˮڴЧӦ
ҲҪãЧӦǴͨһֵ䲢
һٷص棻ʹ¶ȱûôʱҪ
һЩ
ʪһͨʾˮĺΪӵ

ȥˮͨڶڽᣬˣ
еˮ󲿷ֲַڶڣˮֻռһ֡
еˮԼһҼھ2 ĸ߶ڡе
ʪһͬ仯һҲ״仯
wave  ˮһŶʵϣеĲ˶
ѹı仯磩γɵģҲڵؿǵͻȻ𶯶γɵġ
Ĳ˾гԲߵĲͲȡͨò
ڵĲϵӦ֮ľ룩ͲߣͲ֮Ĵ ֱ
룩˻Ĵٶ
ɷγɵĲˣģٶȡڷ١ĳʱԼ紵
ˮľ룬ˮ͵ĲˣһǺˣǴڷֱ
Ӱ֮µĲˣһӿˣӿڷֹͣԺ󻹼ŵĲ
˻ǴڷֱӰ췶ΧĲˡ˵ĲͲȶʼ״
ǳˮ˺ӿ˶öѣ״Ҳ仯Ȼİ
ˡ˻ѡҿҪԽһǽӣʱĲ
˳ΪƲνԾƲָһƲ˶ǰȥ 
ȥѡνɢƲСĲ˱䶸γɲ̲
ˡ

1.˵ĸ߶Ϊ˵ߵ㡪Ͳ˵͵㡪֮
߲˵ӦλӲ嵽壩֮ľ롣
һǰŵĲ˵ǳˮ²ˮٶȼ䵽
棬ϲȴƶǰȥˡŲԽԽҲ
ò̫ȶ㵹İ˵ʽϺ̲
2.aˮеĲˣˮʵ㣨ʾΪڵ㣩Բ˶ʵ˶
켣ȵӶԽԽСbǳˮ˵ĵײź϶ 
ˮʵ˶켣¹ƽΪԲ
Ȼ˿Խһˮ˶ľǳȻˮȴ
ٻǸûƶκξ롣ע۲Ưˮ壬ͻ
в˾ʱˮƯƺ˶ʵϻ
Բ˶ˮƯ˶ӳˮʵ˶ڲ崦 
ˮʵ˶Ͳ˶һ£ڲȴˮʵ˶
˶෴ˮʵԲ˶ֱڲߣˮ
ӣˮʵԲ˶ֱԽԽСԼ൱ڲһ
ȴˮʵȫֹͣԲ˶ˡ
˶ǳˮط֮Իö飬ں
׺ˮʵ˶໥õĽգˮʵԲ˶ٶ
˲˵˶ٶȣʹ˱߽⡣
һ˶ǳˮˮʱ˾ͻᷢ
˵ĳһοܲܺ׵Ӱ죬ڲ˵һΣ 
ܺ׵Ӱ١ˣһ˵ĺϵĲͬλϣ 
ٶҲǲͬġ͵²߷ʹǳˮ
ˮ׵ĵεȸƽСںеνߵĽǺͲ
ഹֱģڲ˶ǳˮ߷ġ

߱ʾ˲Ĵںᵴʽеģ
崦ǷʽеģЩط˵Ի
ķʽԷɢķʽд
Ͳ˿˶ܱԣΪЩ߻
˾ϰʱʹϰഫ
ԽϰʱϰﱳˮҲһ˶
ҲܱĲԽϰﷴϰֱ
ƽģԼ˴ϰƽУôڱʱʧ
ٻ򼸺ûʧ
Wavellite ʯ ʯһֺˮǷ״
γɵ״塣һټĴڵͼıУ
УԼ׿зֹμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Weather  ҪָӰΪ׼
״̬Ǵжڵı仯
ۺϡȻʵ۲Уָֻ 
ǸձͨӼӵڼ¶ȡʪȡˮ
ܼԼĻμCloudsƣݣCycloneݣ 
Precipitation۽ˮݣTemperature¶ȣݣThunderstormױݣ 
Tornado½ݣWind۷
Weathering 绯 ررʯڻе̺ͻѧ̵
·ı仯ڶķ绯ÿʹӲʯ飬γɢĻ
ʡ绯ûʯ͵ˮ֮໥á绯
˵ʯرʮףȡأʴʡ
Ρʯࡢ͸Լʱ䡣ʯڻеôʱ 
ʯ⣻ڻѧöʱͳʯķֽ⡣
ʯеǣ1ˮһܵ޵Ŀռﶳ
ͣ2µı仯淢3ڵµ
ʯʴö¶ڵ淢͡
ѧ绯γµĿҪĻѧӦãһ
йأˮԼˮãˮĻѧ̼ữãܽ
ˮеĶ̼ĻѧԼʴãʱߣѧ
лǸõĲ𡣴⣬ѧ绯
¿Ҳѹʹʯ⡣ѧ绯ɵ
Ҫճ̼ơ̼ء̼ơ̼þԼ
ȡ
мˮУյﺣΪл
áճҪԼرֲ档ů
ˮĵطѧ绯ΪѸ١ʯСܵıĵطѧ
Ҳ൱Ѹ١
ѧ绯һ˽֪Ӿ⡣ˮֺ
£ͻ⣨Ϊͬѧ绯һ
ͭϵɫߵ㣨̼ͭڶ̼ˮ
ͭıɵġ
绯ö༫ΪҪûз绯ãر򲻿γ

ҲͱȻȱϸ߼̬ﲿֵڷ绯ã 
Ҫ󣩣ĳЩͭʯɳ𡢲Լʯȶ
绯ʹұɷ绯ǣٽˮӪʴá
ʯڲĻɫɫǻѧ绯չĺۼǺĿ绯
ĽϵĽʯͷҲᷢ绯
Welded Tuff  ȵĸм̽ɣЩм
ɻɽƣν׳ƣġֹ̽ɱһ
мԼĻġѹݺ͸
ԼʹмƽƽвԼ
ͱΡͲ˼еĽṹ
ຸңʯҹ԰еЩ
ȴɵγ״ڶոݻɽں
кңԼڻʯ۽Ҹԭ
Wentworth Scale µ» ΪɸͲȶ
Ƶһֳ߶ȡñ߷ΧճֱС1/256 ףƯֱ
256 ףÿһ2 óڵĸһ 
ֵϸΪƯϸɰɰճ
Westerly WindsPrevailing ʢ λڱϰγ
3560֮ķһڣκηķ綼У
ռҪλμWind۷
Winmanstatte Pattern κͼ ʯĹƬḯʴ
ϼһϵ໥ʯʯʯɲ
ɡʴʯߣΪʯȸʯر
ʴ
Willemite п пһֹпݵĸ
ַֹĹпп⾧ʯͺпΪ
п󿪲ɣֵĹп·޵Ļɫө⡣
طпֻͨп󴲵Ϊ֡μ
Miner- al Propertiesۿʣ¼4
Wind  ڵ˶ν֮硣ڽĴ
ֱ˶ǳСˣѧҰѷＸʾˮƽ
˶ֻͨпڽǿҵϻ˶ʱֱ˶ſ
رڽ洦÷ǺͷԲڸ߿գ 
ͨõЯ۲硣ɴУͷ
ҲԸѹķֲƵعƳ
ɴУģˮƽ˶ٶȽڵתٶȣɿ
ѹݶߵĺγɵķ硣תķѹƽ
У򣬵ѹڷ࣬ϰ򣬵ѹڷҲࡣѹ
ݶȶԼѹߵļɷȡ
ĵطйأڵε¿ȵȺ
ȴĽ纣½硢ɽȷ硢½硢ȡ⣬л
ģķϵó׷17 ӢѧҰ
¡ףEdmund Halley16561742ֲΪһҪ
֡ó׷Ϊ磬ϰó׷ΪϷ硣ó׷ռ

Ĵ󲿷ֵطռ˵Լһÿһó
繹ɹĻ֣AtmospherePlanetary Circulation of۴
ǻݣνƶģڳ
˶Ȼȥϱγ30㸽˶ŵ
Ļó׷ڳᣬγƴƴ
ȴϴı־ó׷ǵȶķϵı仯Ҫγ
Сöࡣ
ǵ磬λγԼ35㵽65֮䡣ڵγһ
޸ݸȴѹԺȷȴѹɹ
γɵģڸγһĽǲ̶ġĺ
ȷġ
ضλڸγȵѹļһࡣϵȲ󣬽߲
̫ȷضǺȲļطⴵγɵģ
˵򼫵ر³γɼطǹĻ
ϾԽߣĿȾͱԽխĿԽϱ
ԽҲԽͼطչӸ߿ڴڶ
һͺһ޴λڼأ
Եӵγ10ҵĵشĺĲλҲγ30㸽
ƽײƽΪÿ40 ףÿСʱ140 
ȻоϵĳƽΪ״ķ磬ǣ 
κһ˲䣬ֱΪ״ֲ״иֳƺ
ǲеĳ˹ȲȻת˶е
ʵеĲ˹ȲμAtmospheric Waves 
and Vorticity۴еĲȣڽϳʱ䴵Žڴ״
֮еĲͷʢڲǰӵγ͵
γȣˣΪγȺ͸γ֮¶Ȳﵽһٽֵ
ʱ״ͱòȶҲ˵ʱڲŶõķչ
ʵʵֱ֧ͬԲͲһٰװ
ԲͲ֮Ļοռвʹתģʵ
йأ߷¶Ȳתٶȡ
Ȼתٶǹ̶ģǣƽһֱת
һ̶Ĳοϵ˵γȶ仯󣬶ڳ
Ϊ㡣ӵγȵγȵ¶ȵݼʣȴСγȵ
תеģʵԲͲ²С
ԼԲͲתٶȽ£Ƶγȵе
ֻγɡԲͲתٶȽϿ죬ԲͲ
ϴڡ˹ģʽγɣ£״͹
˶ʽȡֲ˶ʽڵγȴ
еֲ
ļ30 ҵĸ߶ϣʧˣȡ֮Ƕ磬 
Ӽһֱ쵽ǰΪϿյĶȶģ 
15 20 Ĺ۲ʾ˳ƽķźȤ
ԣ֮Ϊ겨ڡԼÿ26 £ƽп
ķͷһα仯شŶ硣ΪȫΧ

򴫲ΪڵĲṩԭ
Wind Gap  Խʴɽɽڻӡԭȵĺʴ
ɵģҲɳΪˮڣWater gapݡҲкɺ
Ϯ᷽ʽͼйʴҲ㣬ͻܶڡ
ԵİɽӢӢϱ˹North and 
South DownsֲΪܶķڡ
Witherite ʯ ʯʯһԱ̼ᱵĿ
ƵĽᾧ;̬ʯǺĿһ뷽Ǧģ 
ǱһҪԴؾʯǴĿǱҪԴμ
Mineral Propertiesۿʣ
Wolframite ٿ ٿ̵οٵҪʯ
ٿǴ󣩺ʹ̣̿󣩵ϵСٿϵ
ָɵĳɷݣȸϵ˵Ŀﳣһ뻨ҹΰ
ǽ͸ҺʯӢУҪĲٹйʡά
ͰĴǡμMineral Propertiesۿʣ
Wollastonite ʯ ʯǹƿһΪһֽӴ
ʿڽᾧ֮Уһ͸ʯʯʯ͸ʯɽʯ
ʯ
ЩԹʯΪĵطԿɣשμMineral 
Propertiesۿʣ¼4
Wulfenite Ǧ ǦһǦǦĴ
һҪԴ
кܺõľΣܸߵĹ󡢻ƵȺɫԿռ˵
мֵġμMineral Pr- opertiesۿʣ

X Y Z 
Xenoblastic α侧״ оһֽṹڸý
пγɲľ档״ԭδ
˽μCrystalloblastic Series۱侧Уݡ
Xenolith ² ڻеɵʯ顣
ҽڼ䣬ΧԱ飬ȫᾧҽΧ
ǲ²塣
X-ray Crystallography X ߽ᾧѧ X ߽ᾧѧX 
оᾧڲĽᾧѧķ֧X оһ
Բԭƽľ;ȷزⶨĴСҿȷ
ԭӵλáоķĩУõĥɾϸľ
ĩX ߵ䡣߸һͼ¼ڵƬϡΪÿ
ʶܸԼͼԣX ߷ĩǼͿ
ߡ
Yardang ŶΣʴ ɳĮһ
ЯɳĥʴγɵĳҼʴļ״״ 
뼹֮ɶº͵ײԲεĲ۹ȸͲ۹ǿʢ
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18 . 

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