 
زʵ 1.زȷز㵥λ زȷز㵥λ  2.ࡢ͹ŵо ࡢ͹ŵо 3.ع챳о ع챳о.
һ. ʵߵѡ
ʵ֮ǰĹ:1Ұ̤ 2ʵѡ 3ͼ.
ʵѡһҪ:
1.߾̶ز¶ȫ 2.ʹ򵥣ѡδܹúҽ µزظȱʧ棻 3.ز㵥λ͵¶ãӴϵ 4.ʯḻڵزʱȷ
һЩҪ:
1.ز¶ãز㸲ʣ40% 2.ʵķֱڵزһ ֮ļнǣ60 3.¶ͷʱڵضβöƴᡣ 4.ؼضα,һΧƴԱȵı־ ʱ,Ӧ̽ۻԽ¶ 5.߾شƽ,߹١ 6.ʵĵı߰о̶ȷ,һ1:1000 1:2000Ϊˡ 7.Ϊ,㡢յ㼰еĵʽߵ㶼ӦGPS㷨ͳ㷨궨ʵʲͼϡ
ʵزҰ⹤ :
һμ߲ ߷λб͵¶ ǣǰֶɡһõ ̲߷λ½ǣ 3ʱӦز⣬ƽֵǼ¼С
ʵȡõĵμ:
(1)ߺţ Ϊ0һյΪ1ڼΪ01 ڶΪ12ơ (2)߷λǣգ ָǰķλǡ (3)бࣨL ÿһεľ롣 (4)ֲбࣨl ͬһϸز㵥λбֲ࣬б֮͵ڵбࡣ (5)½ǣa 1 : β֮½ǣԵǰΪ׼ΪΪ (6)Ҳ״ ҲǣaӦ״ڵϵλá (7)ֲţ 㿪ʼֵĵز㵥λ˳αš (8)ʵλã ¼иʵڵϵλá   
) زֲ㡢۲졢ͼ¼
Ҫ1.زֲ (1ԡʯϷֲ 2Ҫĵز)2.۲(1ԡʯϼ2ﻯʯ3־)
ֲĻԭ:
1)زߵľҪ󣬷ֲͼϴ1mm ĵ㡣 2)ʯɷĲͬ 3)Ĳͬ 4)ʯĽṹ͹ԵĲͬ 5)ʯɫͬ 6)ƣϡ²㺬ͬĻʯ 7)ԲͬȲҲԵظ֣ɽÿصΪһزֳ 8)ı־㡢ʯ㡢㼰ֲϹ㣬 ز㻮֡Աձı㣬Ӧõֲ㡣 ϵĺС1mm԰1mmʾ 9)ҪĽӴϵƽвϡǶȲϡҪ
۲ĵ (ԡϼ
1.۲졢Ҳиʯɫʯɷ֡ ṹȡѡĥԲ 2.۲졢ҲиԵϷʽ񼰻 3.ԷֲԼϽʽҰɫ ʯӢɰҼлҰɫɰң һɫ 
Ҽлһɫҡ
:Ҳлز㵥Ԫǳز㴹аĳְĳֹɵġһ¶ͷΧڹ۲⵽ġһزصĵʯֲʯϣǵʷʱڳͳùȻ¼Сزۺ壬ҲԭʼĽṹԪ 
۲ĵ (ﻯʯ)
1.ȶ¶ͷĹﻯʯϵͳĹ۲ȷҪ𣬶ʱǿĻʯϸ۲2.۲ʯı״λáѡԼзȷԭػء3.ɼʱɴʯɼ΢廯ʯ4.ҲڱдСͬĻʯʱӦռһϵзӳݻı걾
۲ĵ (زӴϵ)
زӴϵ1ϽӴ (1 2)2ϽӴ(1ƽв :Ҫ:µز״һ,Եİʴ,ȱʧز,ͨ߹ŷ绯ǡҼģϴĳˢ 2ǶȲ:Ҫ:µز״һ,Եİʴ,ȱʧز, ͨ߹ŷ绯ǡҼģϴĳˢ棬µ ʳ̶Ȳϴ)   
۲ĵ ():
:1(ƽвˮƽݱ״ϫ ) 2湹(ۡˢۡѹ̺ ѡۡʳμƷ㼣) 3׼ͬι(׼ͬιи 졢) 4ѧ(۹졢㹹)
) Ƶزͼ:
ʵʱֳƵƽͼ͵ز ͼÿһڵ΢α仯,ߺšʵ㡢Ҳ״걾Ʒͻʯɼصıż߾ĴׯƱעڲͼϣԹʱο
) 걾ƷĲɼ:
Ӧɼҿ󡢻ʯ걾ҪҪɼʯѧ׷Ʒ˹ɰƷͬλŵش걾ƷӦð涨ϵͳţڼ¼ͼϱ
)  :
ϵҪӴϵ졢򼰹ﻯʯӦ裬λü¼ڼ¼кͼϱע 
ʵزڹ 
һ)Ұԭʼϵ˶ǼǱʵͼʹһ£ǼǱݼͼīִ©Ӧ跨Ͳ䡣⣬ӦǼǱϸͨһȫƽ D=Lcos 1 ֶθ߲ 
H=Lsin1 ۼƸ߳:̼߳Ӹֶθ֮߳͡ Ҳн:߷λҲķλ֮нǡ
Ҳȵļ
 бҲ෴ h=L(sinѡcos 1 sin+sin 1 cos), ʽЦΪ߷Ҳ֮нǡ бҲͬ h=L|sinѡcos 1 sin-sin 1 cos|ҲmΪλһСȡһλɡ
ʵ浼ƽͼͼ 
1ܵ߷ȷ 2ƽͼ 3زͼ
ܵ߷ȷܵ߷յߵķ ɲͼͼ㷨ܵ߷λͼһ򣺰˳򽫷ֵ߷ˮƽࣨDһŷֽϣȡһֵ֮շֵ֮βΪܵ߷䷽λǿ 
ƽͼ 
1.ˮƽΪܵߵķͨΪ߱ λҶΪ϶򱱶λ 2.ֵߵˮƽͷλλֵߡ 3.ڴ˻ϱֵߺšʵšز㵥λ ֲţҲ״Ｐƣ 4.ڵزֽ紦ݲ״߶Ρ 5.ܵߵ϶˻ָͷܵ߷λ
زͼ
ˮƽ߼˸̻߳ߡ ݸߵĺθ̹߳ زֽ㴹ֱͶӰϣزǻزֽ ݵز㵥λԼϣϹ涨ԻƷ ֵߺ ʵ ʯɼ 걾Ʒ ״  ز 
ݾѡʵ״ͼݣͼɲ¼㣺 1.ڹﻯʯʶĵӦز㡪 2.ڳ췢־ĵӦǿɼϳ ƽ仯 
3.ԷšԻƺ͸ִžʵͼͬ 4.ԭҲӦһ¿ı䡣 5.ԲΪλֲӦʯȫͻ 6.ﻯʯһģġ 7.족еĲ湹켰죬һûʾ 8.һУӦעʾӴϵҽţӦ ڡһעǶȲϡƽвϡϲñע 9.ͼɵ£ɱϸز㵥λĻ 10.ݿڱעע 11.ͼϷдȫͼߣͼ·ͼдα
. زۺ״ͼ 
زۺ״ͼһһΧڵɵز״ͼĻۺɵġϷӳһһԡʯͳı仯 
زۺ״ͼصҪ
1.ͨԶΡΪλۺҪдԣ ͬʱҲϽϴ仯ģʱҪϻߡ2.زۺϺȱʾһӦĺķΧ20~80m 3.ʯӦѡдԵĻԵ֡ 4.һҪϡͺƽ仯һõʷʱڵĻ仯5.ۺϵز״ͼ͵ͼףˣۺϵز״ͼɫ
һʵĻ
 1ʲôʵ 
ʵ鰴س̶ҪͨҰ·ߵʵȷʱշֲɱڵͼϡγɵͼ,ͬߡ̶ȲͬҪͬ 2ͼĻ ࣺ õͼ͵ͼͳ͵ͼ ڱ Сߣ1/100 1/50  бߣ1/30 1/251/20 1/10  ߣ1/81/7.51/6.3361/5 1/2.5  
ʵĻ
 1֤ 2Ʊ 15 3ҰʵҰ 40 4ճɹ 30 5㽻 15
 ʵĻ 
1ͼΧ 
ͼ 
ͼ 
2裺ͼ׼ͼ׶Ρν׶ 3ͼǰ׼ƻƻ aռϣϣһ 15 ͼ 12.5 ͼ b̤ cд ȷͼλArPt2tPt3xPt3lPt3j1f1-2m3hO1mC2bC2tP1s 
P1y55 2 æ5 3 
ͼ·ܶ·߲ԭǸܣϡ ·ܳȸ 2kmߵʵ﹤ƣ桢걾ȡ 4ͼҪ a·߼ִ࣬
b·߲ԭ 1ֱǶбزԭ 2·븨· 3Խ·׷· C·ߵʹ۲Ҫ ٿ͹ :͹·ϵĸֵע磺ز㵥ȡ졢״ȣ ʯеĿСȣȡϢӳ죺ҪأϲҪء  ۲  N0.1 󣬴 N0.1 N0.2 ֮Ӧ۲ ¼ N0.1 Ҫ¶ һ 
¼ͼһ 
¼еļ¼ͼϵĵ״һ 
׼ȷ 
ͼϱĵλʵλ15 򲻵ô 50mһ㲻 20m11 
 
ʽֳ棬áVͷ֤ 
еʽ߱㹻ĵ 
ڵҪ⣺ 
ټ¼ݼ 
ͼǺ 
ռϣ󱨸ñ˵Ļ 
dͼ 
ԭʼϵ 
׶ 
Ұͼһʵ֮Ǻ 
ڳͼԹϵĵͼ 
۸ͼִڵ⼰ʱ 
1/5淶Ϊ 
һʵʲͼ 
1Ϊʵʲͼ 
ʵʲͼšƵڵͼϱʾֵҪ⣬е 
ʹ۲㼰š·߼šƷɼ㼰šʵزλüšɽ 
ع̺λüŵݵһͼҪԭбơ 
 ʵʲͼǸҰ⹤ͼͼͼƶɵġ 
 ǵϢϴһͼˣýϵͼߴĵͼͼ 
 ǱƵͼĻӦڵͼơҲɫ 
2ʵʲͼ; 
 ǼͱƵͼйͼĻϡ 
 ǼͼǷ涨ʵʹǷﵽҪݡ 
 ǺͼֵҪغ͵Ϣɿ̶ȵݡ 
3ʵʲͼĻҪ 
1׼ȷʵ걸׶2ͼṹϣӦͼͼš 
ߡͼʵʲͼͼαɡͼʽͼͼʽͬͼṹ 
ͼʽ淶 
4ʵʲͼҪ 
ٵʽߡ״š 
ڵʹ۲㼰ţa. ʵԲȦֱ 2mmb. ԭһһţ 
۲ͬһλһ£ּ롣 
۵ʹ۲·ߣѧ·߼۲㣩 
ӦҰʵʾĵضι棬ʽߵĴɫ߱ʾ 
üϵļͷʾ·ߵǰ߷㡢յ㡣 
ȡλü 
ʵλü 
ɽع̺λü 
ͼΧʵϰʲͼ 
5ͼʽͼ 
ͼʽ 
һʵʲͼڽṹӦͼͼšߡͼͼ 
ͼαͼͬ 
ͼ
ʵʲͼǵͼĻҲϽɹеͼͼеĵݵͼ 
ڵͼرʾˣΪ˼Сͼ渺ͻ⡢ʵʲͼͼֻ 
ʵʲϲּɡ 
ͼеĢ-У϶£ҽС 
6ī 
Ȼʹ۲㡢Ʒɼ㡢ɽع̡ʵλü 
ٻʽ߼·ߣӦע㣺a. ʽ߼ѹǹϵӦ¡ 
ι棻b. ַܴźͱţעá 
7ͼ 
ͼ 
ڱ 
α½ǣ 
ݰͼλλĶӳͼͼ 
ڡ
ͼ 
1ͼĸ 
ͼʵʲͼΪƵģù涨ķţ֡ɫĳһ 
ĸֵ͵磺ʱز㡢塢ʹ졢󴲵ȵĲ״ֲ 
ϵһıҪ󡢸ͶӰͼϵһͼԣͼǵ 
Ҫĳɹ֮һ 
2ͼͼʽṹ 
һĵͼӦ淶ͼʽľҪݺͲֽбơ 
ڽṹӦͼͼţԹʷַΪλߣֱߡ߶ 
ߣͼƽͼۺϵز״ͼͼࣩͼͼҲࣩͼе 
ͼͼ·ͼαȲݡ 
3ͼ 
1׼εͼ 
ڹһͼĻϣ򻯺ύϺҪĵεͼ 
Ŀǰһ裬ڼɡ 
2ⶨȡᡢ鲢ʾķ 
ڵͼʵʲͼϽеģҪڴϢʵʲͼУ 
Ҫеݵȡᡢ鲢ʾķⶨⶨԭȥ 
3ͼͼ 
Ӧϸաȡᡢ鲢ʾķʵʲͼĻϣȥʵ 
ʲϡⲿݣѵת棨תϱ߾Ҫĵεͼȥ 
תĵݡߡžӦʵʲͼǺϡ 
4ۺϵز״ͼ 
5ͼеͼ 
ͼеͼҪڲ˵ȫҪʹĵ ֱ۷ӳռ 
ͼ 
 ѡλãֱ߷򣩣 
 Ƶ棨ˮƽֱͼͬ
 ӦʽͶӰϣ״ʽߣ 
 Իơţ 
 㡢յš 
6ⶨͼ 
 ͼӦͼΡִźͼ˵ 
 ͼӦͼе塢šŵȣ 
 ͼӦͼҲ࣬˳Ϊ 
Aز㲿֣ز϶£µϣгز㵥λ 
Bҽңң֣a. µУb. ÿݰΪ 
һһһһУҲɴС 
C첿֣ϲ㼰ֹ״ϲϲ㣬Ϊ 
ϲ㡢ڶϲ㡢ƽƻ߻ϲ㡢ϲ㡢Ʋϲȡ 
DΪʵ⡢ƲزߣϽߣֵߣֲ״ŵȡ 
EΪݡ 
7ɫͳһɫ׼ִУ 
8ī档 
9ͼΣͼߡȣ 
10ͼͼһͼϽǣ 
11αһͼ· 
4αͼҪ 
 ޣ͸ֽͼ 
 ֽΪ 29cmҪϷ 3cmͼִСͼֹһ£к 
1cm죻ͼ 20cm² 6cmͼͱߣ 1cmΪأ 
 ͼʽۺϵ״ͼҪ⣬ҪС 
 ͼʱ 1/1.5 εͼԼ 1/ͼϽзŴͽͼ 
ͼɵͼӣճͼ 
Ҫͼ 
ҪͼԵͼΪƵģԲͬšɫʾһ 
ʹһͼ 
1ͼʽṹ 
ͼʷַšߡͼҪͼͼαȲݡ 
͵ͼףʲٸͼ 
2Ҫ 
1 
ָһ һʷչ׶Σ һֹ컷γɵһ׳졢 ҽҡ 
ҡκͿϡ 
ͬһͬʷչ׶δع컷ͬ˸ 
ͬ 
ɽǶȲ֣ƽвΪǹ֣ͼϡ 
ͼڷΧޣز㵥ԪɹΪArPt2Pt3ʡOC-PQ 
2ϲ㼰 
ֲͬʵĶϲ㰴涨űʾעƺͱţ磺F1F2
3弰 
ἣ߱ʾἣߵĿխӳ˲ȵı仯 ע 
˻˵ıʾţ磺Fd1Fd2 
4 
ߡעżʱţԭ״Ӵ״ȡ 
5ѡԵز״״Ȼͼϡ 
6ͼṹ磺ͼߡͼαȡ 
